Table 2.
NMR metabolites at follow-up 6 years after GDM pregnancy.
| % | NGT | IGT | T2DM | P | P (BMI adjusted) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | IGT versus NGT | T2D versus NGT | T2D versus IGT | IGT versus NGT | T2D versus NGT | T2D versus IGT | |
| Phenylalanine | 100.0 | 45.4 | 121.8 | 43.8 | 117.1 | 49.1 | 0.02 | |||||
| Tyrosine | 100.0 | 25.1 | 109.6 | 26.9 | 111.6 | 26.7 | 0.03 | |||||
| Glucose | 100.0 | 20.7 | 112.1 | 18.1 | 159.5 | 79.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Mannose | 100.0 | 25.9 | 113.4 | 26.2 | 144.3 | 59.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Glycerol | 100.0 | 43.1 | 127.5 | 48.6 | 140.7 | 71.1 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 | ||
| Glycine | 100.0 | 27.0 | 88.1 | 19.1 | 89.6 | 25.6 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | |||
| Citrate | 100.0 | 31.0 | 111.5 | 23.9 | 117.3 | 25.7 | 0.002 | 0.002 | ||||
| Pyruvate | 100.0 | 80.6 | 141.3 | 78.2 | 119.4 | 73.7 | 0.008 | 0.01 | ||||
| Acetoacetate | 100.0 | 105.8 | 115.7 | 103.9 | 253.1 | 348.8 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| 3-HIB | 100.0 | 54.7 | 128.2 | 52.7 | 131.5 | 75.5 | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.002 | ||
| Valine | 100.0 | 19.2 | 108.2 | 15.1 | 109.5 | 21.6 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.05 | |||
| Isoleucine | 100.0 | 22.1 | 109.0 | 19.0 | 115.7 | 28.5 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Leucine | 100.0 | 18.2 | 111.2 | 13.6 | 113.4 | 22.7 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.001 | ||
Metabolites significantly different between groups are shown. Data is expressed as % of NGT. Statistics are performed using ANOVA (P) and ANCOVA (BMI-adjusted P). n = 137 for NGT, n = 43 for IGT, and n = 44 for T2DM.