Figure 2.

Colon tissue gene expression of Socs3, Ctsd, and Fos in DSS-treated ERα-KO mice and SOCS3, CTSD, FOS, ERα, and ERβ in UC patients. Complementary DNA was prepared from (A) distal colon tissue from DSS-treated mice or non–DSS-treated controls or (B–D) colonic biopsy samples from UC patients or non–inflammatory bowel disease controls. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for (A and B) Socs3, Ctsd, and Fos, (C) ERα, and (D) ERβ. Data are represented as the means ± SEM of n = 5–17 samples/group. *P ≤ .05, **P ≤ .01, and ***P ≤ .001. Ctrl, control.