Fig. 1.

Facial points used for the facial traits. The participants were photographed in both frontal and profile views, and 23 frontal and seven lateral face points were extracted (modified from Fig. 1 of reference [34]). Facial phenotypes, such as distance, angle, and area, were measured based on in-house facial data acquisition software. a Points in the right eye, b points in the left eye, c points and areas in frontal images, d points in lateral images