Table 1.
Eighty-five facial traits from 23 frontal, 7 profile, and 16 upper eyelid points
| Size-related variables | Shape-related variables | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviation | Description | Abbreviation | Description | ||
| Face shape | (17 traits) | ||||
| Widtha | zyR-zyL | Facial base width | Ratio | zyR-zyL/goR -goL | Facial width ratio of base to chin |
| goR -goL | Lower facial width | zyR-zyL/n-sto | Facial ratio of base width to height | ||
| obsR-obsL | Upper facial width | goR -goL/n-sto | Facial ratio of chin width to height | ||
| obiR-obiL | Middle facial width | ||||
| Heightb | sn-sto | Upper lip height | Anglec | (A) enR-exR-goR | Right facial angle of en-ex-go |
| n-sto | Facial height | (A) enL-exL-goL | Left facial angle of en-ex-go | ||
| Area | (AR) obsR-obsL-obiR-obiL | Upper facial area | (A) psR-exR-goR | Right facial angle of ps-ex-go | |
| (AR) obiR-obiL-goR -goL | Lower facial area | (A) psL-exL-goL | Left facial angle of ps-ex-go | ||
| (A) enR-psR-goR | Right facial angle of en-ps-go | ||||
| (A) enL-psL-goL | Left facial angle of en-ps-go | ||||
| Forehead | (10 traits) | ||||
| Heightb | (V) tr-o | Forehead height | Anglec | (A) m-tr | Upper forehead slant angle |
| (V) m-o | Lower forehead height | (A) o-n | Brow ridge protrusion angle | ||
| (V) tr-m | Upper forehead height | Ratio | mtro-o/t-o | Metopion position ratio | |
| (V) o-n | Brow ridge height | Depth | (H) tr-m | Upper forehead slant depth | |
| (H) o-n | Brow ridge protrusion | ||||
| m-mtro | Metopion eminence depth | ||||
| Eye | (15 traits) | ||||
| Widtha | enR-enL | Intercanthal width | Anglec | (A) exR-psR | Right eye angle of ex-ps |
| exR-exL | Outercanthal width | (A) exL-psL | Left eye angle of ex-ps | ||
| (A) enR-psR | Right eye angle of en-ps | ||||
| (A) enL-psL | Left eye angle of en-ps | ||||
| Heightb | psR-piR | Right palpebral fissure height | (A) enR-psR-exR | Right eye angle of en-ps-ex | |
| psL-piL | Left palpebral fissure height | (A) enL-psL-exL | Left eye angle of en-ps-ex | ||
| Length | enR-exR | Right palpebral fissure length | Length | psR-exR | Eye tail length |
| enL-exL | Left palpebral fissure length | Ratio | psR-piR/enR-exR | Eye ratio of width to height | |
| (enR-exR + enL-exL)/zyR-zyL | Length ratio of eyes to face | ||||
| Nose | (11 traits) | ||||
| Widtha | sbalR-sbalL | Subnasal width | Anglec | (A) prn-n | Nasal bridge angle |
| Heightb | (V) n -sn | Frontal nasal height | (A) prn-sn | Nasolabial angle | |
| n-sn | Profile nasal length | (A) n-prn-sn | Profile nasal angle | ||
| (V) n-prn | Nasal bridge height | ||||
| (V) prn-sn | Nasal tip height | ||||
| Depth | (H) n-prn | Nasal bridge depth | |||
| (H) prn-sn | Nasal tip protrusion | ||||
| Area | (AR) n-prn-sn | Profile nasal area | |||
| Mouth | (2 traits) | ||||
| Heightb | (V) cphR-sto | Right upper lip thickness | |||
| (V) cphL-sto | Left upper lip thickness | ||||
| Upper eyelid | (30 traits) | ||||
| Widtha | (H) er1-ermax | Right eyelid peak width | Anglec | (A) Tan_er1~ 7 | Tangent line angle of er1 ~ er7 |
| (H) el1-elmax | Left eyelid peak width | (A) Tan_el1~ 7 | Tangent line angle of el1 ~ el7 | ||
| (H) er1-er7 | Right eyelid width | Ratio | (H) er1-ermax/(H) er1-er7 | Right eyelid peak position ratio | |
| (H) el1-el7 | Left eyelid width | (H) el1-elmax/(H) el1-el7 | Left eyelid peak position ratio | ||
| (V) er1-er7/(H) er1-er7 | Right eyelid slant | ||||
| (V) el1-el7/(H) el1-el7 | Left eyelid slant | ||||
| (V) er1-ermax/(H) er1-ermax | Right eyelid medial slant | ||||
| (V) el1-elmax/(H) el1-elmax | Left eyelid medial slant | ||||
| (V) ermax-er7/(H) ermax-er7 | Right eyelid lateral slant | ||||
| (V) elmax- el7/(H) elmax- el7 | Left eyelid lateral slant | ||||
| Curvatured | (AC) er1-er7 | Right eyelid average curvature | |||
| (MC) er1-er7 | Right eyelid maximal curvature | ||||
| (AC) el1-el7 | Left eyelid average curvature | ||||
| (MC) el1-el7 | Left eyelid maximal curvature | ||||
Trait abbreviations: cph crista philtri, el left upper eyelid, elmax left upper eyelid peak, en endocanthion, er right upper eyelid, ermax right upper eyelid peak, ex exocanthion, go gonion, m metopion, mtro metopion position on tr-o, n nasion, o ophryon, obi otobasion inferius, obs otobasion superius, pi palpebral inferius, prn pronasale, ps palpebral superius, sbal subalare, sn subnasale, sto stomion, tr trichion, zy zygion, (A) angle, (AC) average curvature, (AR) area, (H) horizontal, (MC) maximal curvature, (V) vertical
aWidth refers to the horizontal distance between the two landmarks in a frontal (or lateral) image
bHeight similarly refers to the vertical distance between the two landmarks in a frontal (or lateral) image
cAngle refers to the angle made from the line through two landmarks and a horizontal line in a frontal (or lateral) image
dCurvature indicates the radius of circle at a point n1 in a frontal upper eyelid