A selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group from ortho-dithioacetal-substituted diarylmethanols

Abstract

We present a successful deoxygenation reaction of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols which enables a selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group in presence of the 1,3-dithianyl moiety under reductive conditions. This reaction proceeds well with ZnI₂/Na(CN)BH₃ in dichloroethane or benzene for both unsubstituted and substituted aryls (by electron-rich groups). This is leading to formyl-protected diarylmethanes with potential application in the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals and optoelectronic materials. This synthetic approach gives an access to a wide variety of functionalized ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes in 26–95% yields and is recommended for the substrates containing sulfur atoms, for which transition metal-induced reactions fail.

Introduction

In last decades, diarylmethanes, such as I–IV and cyclic compounds possessing a diarylmethyl motif, like podophyllotoxin (V) and lasofoxifene (VI), have been a subject of interest as bioactive molecules (Figure 1) [1]. The diarylmethane derivatives, isolated from natural sources, showed antibacterial [2], antiestrogenic and antitumorigenic (I) [3–5] or vasodilating activities (II) [6]. Other ones have been reported as inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase and viral replication in cells [7] or antitubercular agents (III) [8–9]. Various diarylmethane-based molecules, like tolterodine (IV) [10], podophyllotoxin (V) [11] and lasofoxifene (VI) [12] have been used in the treatment of overactive bladder, external genital warts and osteoporosis (Figure 1). The diarylmethyl motif also plays a pivotal role in supramolecular architectures of calixarenes [13] and orthocyclophanes [14].

Figure 1.

Structures of biologically active diarylmethanes and commercially available pharmaceuticals based on the diarylmethyl moiety.

A special, ortho-carbonyl-substituted diarylmethyl scaffold is present in the key substrates for aromatic cyclodehydration, also known as the Bradsher reaction [15], which leads to fused, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [16–19]. This type of reaction found applications in synthesis of organic, optoelectronic materials [20–22].

Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (e.g., Suzuki–Miyaura, Stille, Kumada, Hiyama or Negishi couplings) play a key role in the preparation of diarylmethanes. However, the reactions involving sulfur-containing moieties have not been reported yet (Scheme 1) [1]. It is noteworthy that under certain conditions, the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of substrates containing an 1,3-dithiane moiety are feasible, like in the case of the 2-arylation of 2-aryl-substituted 1,3-dithianes. However, in the case of 2-benzyl-substituted 1,3-dithianes, a tandem elimination/1,3-dithiane ring opening followed by a Pd-catalyzed C−S bond formation was observed instead [23].

Scheme 1.

Various synthetic approaches to diarylmethanols (literature review and this work).

Diarylmethanes were also obtained in the Friedel–Crafts reactions of arenes with primary benzyl alcohols, aryl acetals, and benzyl esters [1]. Benzyl fluorides (in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of trifluoroacetic acid [24]) as well as benzotrifluorides (employed in hydrodefluorinative Friedel–Crafts alkylations catalyzed by alumenium ions [25]) were interesting, alternative substrates for alcohols, acetals and esters.

A large group of synthetic procedures for the synthesis of diarylmethanes are deoxygenations of secondary diarylmethyl alcohols with hydride sources. These reactions require a preliminary C–OH bond activation by Brønsted or Lewis acids. Several reagent systems have recently been employed to achieve this goal, including: NaBH₄–CF₃COOH [26], ZnI₂–NaBH₃CN [27], HI–P_red [28], H₃PO₂–I₂ [29–30], Mo(CO)₆-Lawesson’s reagent [31], PBr₃ [32], BF₃·Et₂O–dibutyl ether [33] and silanes (Si–H) in the presence of various Lewis acids: B(C₆F₅)₃ [34–36], InCl₃ [37–38], H₃[PW₁₂O₄₀]×nH₂O [39], Ca(NTf₂)₂ [40], Bi(OTf)₃ [41], Sn(IV)-montmorillonite [42] and PdCl₂ [43]. It is interesting that Seto et al. reported that Et₃SiH–CF₃COOH, TMSCl/NaI failed to reduce secondary OH groups in diheteroaromatic systems and the reduction with H₂/Pd/C-ZnBr₂ was very slow [32]. On the other hand, some rigid diarylmethanols were successfully reduced to benzo[b]indeno[2,1-d]thiophenes using the Et₃SiH–CF₃COOH system which was reported in the patent literature [44].

Benzophenones were also reduced to diarylmethanes using supercritical iPrOH at 350 °C [1], BF₃·OEt₂/H₂O [33] and PhSiH₃/MoCl₂O₂(H₂O)₂ [45].

The reductive deoxygenation reactions of diarylmethanols proceed via carbocationic species, which are formed by protonation or complexation of alcohols by Brønsted or Lewis acids. Therefore, diarylmethanols bearing electron-donating substituents (EDG = methyl, methoxy) are reduced much faster than diarylmethanols with electron-withdrawing groups (EWG = CF₃, C(O)OR) on (hetero)aryl moieties. Consequently, dramatically decreased yields have been observed in these cases [32–33]. It has also been reported that ortho-substituents on aryl moieties give lower yields in the reduction processes [33]. Moreover, the OH reduction under acidic conditions cannot be carried out in the presence of other sensitive functional groups. For instance, ether cleavage and dehalogenation (I but not Cl and Br) are common, side reactions due to either the high acidity which is necessary to generate carbocationic species or due to the use of strongly reducing reaction conditions [28–30,46–52]. In this context, a serious challenge is still the selective and direct removal of the OH group from alcohols Ar₂CH(OH) without excessive, side reactions. Especially in the presence of other functionalities such as, for instance, when a reductively sensitive ortho-1,3-dithianyl group is attached to one of the aryl moieties, side products are to be expected. This task is additionally difficult to accomplish due to a chemical similarity of oxygen and sulfur, two neighboring heteroatoms from the main group VI of the periodic table. A longer atomic radius of sulfur than oxygen should make the C–S bond weaker and more reactive than the C–O bond and consequently the reduction of the former should a priori occur preferentially [53–55].

According to the best of our knowledge, there are no literature reports concerning selective reductions of dibenzylic hydroxy groups in the presence of ortho-acetal or ortho-thioacetal functions. Such reductions may give an access to new series of ortho-formyl-protected diarylmethanes as well as their formyl-modified derivatives, obtained after deprotection of the 1,3-dithianyl group with one of the available methods [56].

Herein, we present the first example of a selective and efficient reduction of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols leading to ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes using the ZnI₂-Na(CN)BH₃ reductive system (Scheme 1). The use of zinc iodide is critical in this system. It was used for the first time in dichloroethane by Lau et al. to reduce aryl ketones, aldehydes, benzylic, allylic and tertiary alcohols, including the first example of a diarylmethanol (benzhydrol) reduction to diarylmethane (diphenylmethane) [27].

Results and Discussion

The synthesis of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols 5 and 6, as key substrates for the OH reduction, has been realized according to the procedure shown in Scheme 2 including: 1) protection of the formyl group in ortho-bromoaldehydes 1 and 2 with 1,3-propanedithiol, 2) the Br/Li exchange reaction in the resulting ortho-bromo-1,3-dithianes 3 and 4 with n-BuLi followed by condensation with a second (hetero)aromatic aldehyde Ar²-CHO.

Scheme 2.

A general strategy for the synthesis of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols 5 and 6, and their reduction to the corresponding ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes.

The reduction of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols 5 and 6 to ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes 7 and 8 has been carried out using Lau’s procedure with ZnI₂ (1.5 equiv) and Na(CN)BH₃ (7 equiv) in dichloroethane (DCE) and a solvent-modified protocol employing the same reagents in benzene. In literature, only few applications of the ZnI₂-Na(CN)BH₃ system in DCE have been described for reduction of diarylmethanols that do not contain acid-sensitive, formyl protecting, acetal or thioacetal groups [20,27,57–60] and for the reduction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones [28]. The bromo function in such diarylmethanols [60], as well as Cl, Br, C(O)OMe, MeO, MeS and NO₂ groups in aromatic aldehydes and ketones, being reduced to methyl and methylene groups, respectively [27], are tolerated by this reagent system.

The use of other procedures for deoxygenation of alcohols 5d, 6a and 6b with metal hydride donors, such as NaBH₄ and LiAlH₄ in various combinations with ZnI₂ and AlCl₃ failed [61–63]. For instance, the reaction with NaBH₄ itself and NaBH₄/ZnI₂/THF at room temperature and reflux only recovered the substrates. The same result was obtained at room temperature with NaBH₄/AlCl₃/THF, while at reflux the whole substrate was consumed and three unidentified products were formed lacking the SCHS and ArCH₂Ar characteristic signals in ¹H NMR spectra. With NaBH₄/CF₃COOH/rt, the substrate underwent decomposition.

In our case, the use of the Lau’s procedure in DCE for the reductive deoxygenation of ortho-1,3-dithianyl-substituted alcohols 5a–h containing unsubstituted Ar¹ phenyl ring and electron-donating Ar² groups, gave diarylmethanes 7a–h in 26–95% yields (Table 1, entries 1–9).

Table 1.

A selective reduction of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols to ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes using the ZnI₂/Na(CN)BH₃ reducing system.

entry	substrate	solvent	time [h]	temperature [°C]	product	yield
1	5a	DCE	24	rt	7a	95
2	5b	DCE	72	rt	7b	95a
3		DCE	72	reflux		85
4	5c	DCE	72	rt	7c	70
5	5d	DCE	2	rt	7d	95
6	5e	DCE	2	rt	7e	26
7	5f	DCE	1	rt	7f	95
8	5g	DCE	3	rt	7g	59
9	5h	DCE	5	rt	7h	64
10	6a	C6H6	24	rt	8a	95
11	6b	C6H6	72	rt	8b	95a
12		C6H6	24	reflux		60

^aYield calculated based on the consumed substrate.

Surprisingly, the reduction of the Ar¹ piperonyl series 6a,b failed under the same reaction conditions and only the substrates could be isolated. In this case, a replacement of DCE by benzene resulted in a successful formation of the desired diarylmethanes 8a,b in 95% yield (Table 1, entries 10–12). In addition, diarylmethanols 5b and 6b with the bulky group Ar² = 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl required refluxing in the relevant solvent (benzene or DCE) to complete the reduction (Table 1, entries 3 and 12). At room temperature, only 40% of the substrates underwent conversion to diarylmethanes 7b and 8b due to their low solubility at this temperature. Attempts to synthesize diarylmethanols 6 with electron-withdrawing groups (Ar² = p-NO₂, p-CF₃) were also unsuccessful. They proved to be unstable: the reaction of lithiated 4 with p-nitro and p-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde gave five products in the crude reaction mixture and even more complex mixtures of products after silica gel column chromatography. We also tried to remove the OH group using the Pd-catalytic hydrogenolysis (Scheme 3).

Scheme 3.

Attempts of the OH removal in ortho-1,3-dithianyl- 6b and ortho-1,3-dioxanylaryl(aryl)methanols 9 using the Pd-catalyzed hydrogenolysis reaction.

In case of 6b (X = S), no reaction occurred and only the substrate was recovered, most probably due to poisoning of the catalyst by the 1,3-dithianyl sulfur atoms. However, the successful catalytic hydrogenolysis (5% Pd/C) of diphenylmethanol to diphenylmethane, described in literature [64], encouraged us to try the Pd-catalyzed reduction of the oxygen analog 9 (X = O) as a representative of the ortho-1,3-dioxanyl series. In this case, instead of the expected ortho-1,3-dioxanyl diarylmethane analog of 8b, 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran 10 was obtained in 90% yield, within 30 min, as a result of preferential deacetalization over the dibenzylic OH deoxygenation. This is followed by cyclization and final deoxygenation of the secondary monobenzylic OH group in the resulting lactol. This product is known in literature and was obtained by hydrogenolysis or pyrolysis of the corresponding ortho-1,3-dioxolanyl [65] and ortho-hydroxymethyl [66] substituted diarylmethanols, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the reduction of 9 with ZnI₂–Na(CN)BH₃ caused decomposition of the starting material. The described reduction process involving 1,3-dithianyl derivatives is facilitated by oxophilic zinc which preferentially binds to the OH oxygen atoms (bond dissociation energies for Zn–O and Zn–S are 284 and 205 kJ/mol, respectively) [67]. The weakened C–O bond is thus more susceptible to the borohydride attack to produce the corresponding diarylmethanes. Most probably, electron-donating groups on aryls facilitate both Zn complexation and stabilization of the intermediate carbocationic species formed.

Conclusion

In summary, a new example of the selective functional group transformation of diarylmethanols (Ar¹Ar²CH(OH)) to diarylmethanes (Ar¹Ar²CH₂) has been performed. It is important for the sulfur-containing substrates for which metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions fail. The dibenzylic OH group has been preferentially reduced with the ZnI₂/Na(CN)BH₃ system in the presence of an ortho-dithioacetal moiety to give ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes in 26–95% yields under mild reaction conditions. Thus, the ortho-1,3-dithianyl moiety joins other functionalities tolerated by this reagent system [47]. Since analogous 1,3-dioxanyl derivatives, in our hands, decomposed or led to other products during the attempted catalytic hydrogenolysis, the elaborated protocol is the only one up to date that enables synthesis of ortho-formyl-protected diarylmethane derivatives under reductive conditions. The latter may be used as key substrates both for the synthesis of biologically active diarylmethanes or for the synthesis of (hetero)acenes via the Bradsher protocol.

Supporting Information

File 1

General experimental information, characterization data and copies of ¹H, ¹³C NMR spectra.