Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with a myocardial infarction by emotional distress symptoms.
| Two months |
12 months |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N = 27,267 | Some emotional distressa n = 10,371 (38) | No emotional distressa n = 16,896 (62) | p | Total N = 22,911 | Some emotional distress n = 7460 (33) | No emotional distress n = 15,451 (67) | p | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 61.6 (8.7) | 60.3 (9.1) | 62.4 (8.3) | <0.0001 | 61.8 (8.55) | 60.6 (9.01) | 62.3 (8.26) | <0.0001 |
| Gender | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Female | 7300 (26.8) | 3827 (36.9) | 3473 (20.6) | 6106 (26.7) | 2805 (37.6) | 3301 (21.4) | ||
| Male | 19,967 (73.2) | 6544 (63.1) | 13,423 (79.4) | 16,805 (73.4) | 4655 (62.4) | 12,150 (78.6) | ||
| Employment status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Work | 12,477 (45.8) | 4771 (46.0) | 7706 (45.6) | 10,552 (46.1) | 3323 (44.5) | 7706 (46.8) | ||
| Retired | 13,166 (48.3) | 4630 (44.6) | 8536 (50.5) | 11,110 (48.5) | 3451 (46.3) | 8536 (49.6) | ||
| Other | 1624 (6.0) | 970 (9.3) | 654 (3.9) | 1249 (5.5) | 686 (9) | 563 (3.6) | ||
| Country of birth | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Sweden | 23,350 (85.6) | 8400 (81.0) | 14,950 (88.5) | 19,820 (86.5) | 6118 (82.0) | 13,702 (88.7) | ||
| Nordic countries | 1411 (5.2) | 557 (5.4) | 854 (5.1) | 1154 (5.0) | 372 (5.0) | 782 (5.1) | ||
| The rest of the world | 2506 (9.2) | 1414 (13.6) | 1092 (6.5) | 1937 (8.5) | 970 (13.0) | 967 (6.3) | ||
| Smoking | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Current smokers | 8845 (32.4) | 3994 (38.5) | 4851 (28.7) | 8013 (31.3) | 2828 (37.9) | 4346 (28.1) | ||
| Never | 9337 (34.2) | 3202 (30.9) | 6135 (36.3) | 7724 (35.0) | 2352 (31.5) | 5661 (36.6) | ||
| Former smoker | 9085 (33.3) | 3175 (30.6) | 5910 (35.0) | 7174 (33.7) | 2280 (30.6) | 5444 (35.2) | ||
| Medical history | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 3775 (13.8) | 1567 (15.1) | 2208 (13.1) | <0.0001 | 3064 (13.4) | 1115 (15.0) | 1949 (12.6) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 10,825 (39.7) | 4190 (40.4) | 6635 (39.3) | 0.06 | 9075 (39.6) | 3035 (40.7) | 6040 (39.1) | 0.02 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 5072 (18.6) | 2041 (19.7) | 3031 (17.9) | 0.0003 | 4229 (18.5) | 1478 (19.8) | 2751 (17.8) | 0.0002 |
| Stroke | 1066 (3.9) | 431 (4.2) | 635 (3.8) | 0.10 | 830 (3.6) | 307 (4.1) | 523 (3.4) | 0.01 |
| Psychiatric history (diagnosis of) | ||||||||
| Depression or anxietyb | 777 (2.9) | 562 (5.4) | 215 (1.3) | <0.0001 | 606 (2.7) | 408 (5.5) | 198 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Schizophrenia and similarb,c | 81 (0.3) | 40 (0.4) | 41 (0.2) | 0.04 | 60 (0.3) | 28 (0.4) | 32 (0.2) | 0.02 |
| Substance abuseb | 2282 (8.4) | 1031 (9.9) | 1251 (7.4) | <0.0001 | 1840 (8.0) | 735 (9.9) | 1105 (7.2) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac status | ||||||||
| Killip class at admission | 0.10 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Class I | 25,885 (94.9) | 9816 (94.7) | 16,069 (95.1) | 21,824 (95.3) | 7087 (95.0) | 14,737 (95.4) | ||
| Class II–IV | 1382 (5.1) | 555 (5.4) | 827 (4.9) | 1087 (4.7) | 373 (5.0) | 714 (4.6) | ||
| Chest pain at admission | 25,037 (91.8) | 9495 (91.6) | 15,542 (92.0) | 0.21 | 21,116 (92.2 | 6858 (91.9) | 14,258 (92.3) | 0.36 |
| Dyspnoea at admission | 814 (3.0) | 324 (3.1) | 490 (2.9) | 0.29 | 624 (2.7) | 210 (2.8) | 414 (2.7) | 0.55 |
| Cardiac arrest at admission | 239 (0.9) | 85 (0.8) | 154 (0.9) | 0.43 | 203 (0.9) | 65 (0.9) | 138 (0.9) | 0.87 |
| HR at admission, mean (SD) | 77.5 (19.9) | 78.3 (19.9) | 77.0 (19.8) | <0.0001 | 77.2 (19.8) | 77.9 (19.6) | 76.8 (19.9) | <0.0001 |
| Complication during intaked | 417 (1.5) | 191 (1.8) | 226 (1.3) | 0.001 | 332 (1.5) | 131 (1.8) | 201 (1.3) | 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation at discharge | 598 (2.2) | 210 (2.0) | 388 (2.3) | 0.14 | 482 (2.1) | 144 (1.9) | 338 (2.2) | 0.20 |
| LVEF at discharge | 0.25 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Normal ≥ 50% | 15,289 (56.1) | 5838 (56.3) | 9451 (55.9) | 12,945 (56.5) | 4179 (56.0) | 8766 (56.7) | ||
| Abnormal < 50% | 7664 (28.1) | 2940 (28.4) | 4724 (28.0) | 6323 (27.6) | 2130 (28.6) | 4193 (27.1) | ||
| Not measured | 4314 (15.8) | 1593 (15.4) | 2721 (16.1) | 3643 (15.9) | 1151 (15.4) | 2492 (16.1) | ||
| Hospital and cardiac care | ||||||||
| In-hospital interventions | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| CABG | 1105 (4.1) | 389 (3.8) | 716 (4.2) | 1105 (4.1) | 389 (3.8) | 716 (4.2) | ||
| PCI | 21,062 (77.2) | 7824 (75.4) | 13,238 (78.4) | 21,062 (77.2) | 7824 (75.4) | 13,238 (78.4) | ||
| Thrombolytics | 166 (0.6) | 70 (0.7) | 96 (0.6) | 166 (0.6) | 70 (0.7) | 96 (0.6) | ||
| None | 4934 (18.1) | 2088 (20.1) | 2846 (16.8) | 4934 (18.1) | 2088 (20.1) | 2846 (16.8) | ||
| Cardiac medicine coveragee | <0.0001 | 0.08 | ||||||
| 2/4 or less | 1950 (7.2) | 816 (7.9) | 1134 (6.7) | 1568 (6.8) | 535 (7.2) | 1033 (6.7) | ||
| 3/4 | 7922 (29.1) | 3080 (29.7) | 4842 (28.7) | 6634 (29.0) | 2210 (29.6) | 4424 (28.6) | ||
| 4/4 | 17,395 (63.8) | 6475 (62.4) | 10,920 (62.8) | 14,709 (64.2) | 4715 (63.2) | 9994 (64.7) | ||
| Hospital size | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Small | 3655 (13.4) | 1242 (12.0) | 2413 (14.3) | 3283 (14.3) | 1000 (13.4) | 2283 (14.8) | ||
| Medium | 8391 (30.8) | 3050 (29.4) | 5341 (31.6) | 7255 (31.7) | 2244 (30.1) | 5011 (32.4) | ||
| Large | 15,221 (55.8) | 6079 (58.6) | 9142 (54.1) | 12,373 (54.0) | 4216 (56.5) | 8157 (52.8) | ||
| Teaching hospital | 7561 (27.7) | 3201 (30.9) | 4360 (25.8) | <0.0001 | 6243 (27.3) | 2188 (29.3) | 4055 (26.2) | <0.0001 |
| Length of hospital stay | <0.0001 | 0.01 | ||||||
| 0–2 days | 3537 (13.0) | 1223 (11.8) | 2314 (13.7) | 2929 (12.8) | 938 (12.6) | 1991 (12.9) | ||
| 3–5 days | 17,266 (63.3) | 6567 (63.3) | 10,699 (63.3) | 14,618 (63.8) | 4684 (63.8) | 9934 (64.3) | ||
| Six or more days | 6464 (23.7) | 2581 (24.9) | 3883 (23.0) | 5364 (23.4) | 1838 (24.6) | 3526 (22.8) | ||
| Readmission due to CV eventf | 1851 (6.8) | 1033 (10.0) | 818 (4.8) | <0.0001 | 1502 (6.6) | 645 (8.7) | 857 (5.6) | |
| Subgroup analysisg | ||||||||
| STEMI (vs. NSTEMI) | 8501 (40.9) | 3179 (41.0) | 5322 (40.9) | 0.8548 | 7082 (41.1) | 2289 (41.4) | 4793 (41.0) | |
Unless otherwise specified, data are shown as n (%) of patients; missing data are due to lack of information in registers.
a
Some emotional distress corresponds to response category 2 and 3 and no emotional distress corresponds to response category 1 in the EuroQol-5D item pertaining to emotional distress.
b
Within six months prior to myocardial infarction.
c
ICD codes F20–29.
d
Bleeding and/or cardiogenic shock.
e
1) Beta blockers, 2) statins, 3) other lipid lowering drugs, and 4) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blockers.
f
During the first 30 days.
g
Subsamples; 20,766 patients at two months and 17,234 patients at 12 months as type of infarction has been recorded only since 2008.
CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CV: cardiovascular; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction