Table 3.
Correlates of experience of child abuse
| Characteristics | Exposure to violence | Psychological abuse | Neglect | Physical abuse | Sexual abuse | |||||
| Previous year | Lifetime | Previous year | Lifetime | Previous year | Lifetime | Previous year | Lifetime | Previous year | Lifetime | |
| Age (years) | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.30)* |
1.10 (0.97 to 1.25) |
1.15 (1.00 to 1.33) |
1.14 (0.98 to 1.32) |
1.13 (0.99 to 1.30) |
1.12 (0.98 to 1.28) |
0.94 (0.81 to 1.08) |
0.93 (0.81 to 1.08) |
1.44 (1.18 to 1.76)* |
1.41 (1.17 to 1.70)* |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Female | 1.10 (0.81 to 1.48) |
1.05 (0.77 to 1.42) |
0.76 (0.54 to 1.07) |
0.77 (0.55 to 1.09) |
1.50 (1.10 to 2.04)* |
1.49 (1.10 to 2.02)* |
0.99 (0.72 to 1.36) |
1.04 (0.75 to 1.43) |
1.03 (0.64 to 1.65) |
1.02 (0.66 to 1.59) |
| Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.25) |
0.88 (0.62 to 1.24) |
0.91 (0.62 to 1.33) |
0.99 (0.67 to 1.46) |
1.13 (0.80 to 1.60) |
1.10 (0.78 to 1.55) |
1.00 (0.69 to 1.43) |
1.07 (0.74 to 1.54) |
1.25 (0.73 to 2.14) |
1.52 (0.92 to 2.50) |
| Others | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Religion | ||||||||||
| Hindu | 1.11 (0.77 to 1.61) |
1.00 (0.69 to 1.45) |
1.02 (0.67 to 1.55) |
1.08 (0.71 to 1.64) |
1.00 (0.69 to 1.46) |
1.01 (0.69 to 1.46) |
0.94 (0.64 to 1.39) |
0.90 (0.61 to 1.33) |
1.02 (0.56 to 1.84) |
0.96 (0.55 to 1.67) |
| Others | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Living arrangement | ||||||||||
| Do not live with parents | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.66) |
1.15 (0.78 to 1.69) |
1.14 (0.74 to 1.76) |
1.06 (0.69 to 1.64) |
1.74 (1.18 to 2.55)* |
1.70 (1.16 to 2.49)* |
0.91 (0.62 to 1.36) |
0.96 (0.64 to 1.43) |
1.17 (0.65 to 2.09) |
1.18 (0.69 to 2.03) |
| Live with single parent | 2.55 (1.31 to 4.94)* |
2.77 (1.39 to 5.53)* |
1.71 (0.80 to 3.68) |
1.64 (0.76 to 3.53) |
2.01 (1.10 to 3.69)* |
2.08 (1.14 to 3.81)* |
1.75 (0.88 to 3.46) |
1.61 (0.81 to 3.19) |
3.03 (1.45 to 6.37)* |
2.49 (1.21 to 5.14)* |
| Live with both parents | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Family size (members) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.13) |
1.04 (0.95 to 1.13) |
1.08 (0.97 to 1.21) |
1.09 (0.98 to 1.21) |
1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) |
1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) |
1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) |
1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) |
1.12 (1.01 to 1.26)* |
1.11 (1.00 to 1.24) |
| Mother’s age (years) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.05)* |
1.03 (1.00 to 1.05)* |
0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) |
0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) |
1.02 (0.99 to 1.04) |
1.02 (0.99 to 1.04) |
1.02 (1.00 to 1.05) |
1.02 (1.00 to 1.05) |
1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) |
1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||
| High school or above | 0.67 (0.32 to 1.38) |
0.67 (0.32 to 1.38) |
0.57 (0.26 to 1.28) |
0.59 (0.26 to 1.34) |
0.62 (0.30 to 1.30) |
0.64 (0.31 to 1.34) |
0.63 (0.29 to 1.37) |
0.60 (0.28 to 1.32) |
1.05 (0.35 to 3.10) |
0.92 (0.32 to 2.65) |
| Secondary | 0.88 (0.57 to 1.38) |
0.82 (0.53 to 1.28) |
0.71 (0.43 to 1.17) |
0.69 (0.41 to 1.13) |
0.68 (0.43 to 1.08) |
0.72 (0.46 to 1.14) |
0.90 (0.56 to 1.44) |
0.94 (0.58 to 1.51) |
0.95 (0.47 to 1.92) |
0.87 (0.45 to 1.68) |
| Primary | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.51) |
1.08 (0.74 to 1.58) |
0.89 (0.58 to 1.37) |
0.85 (0.55 to 1.32) |
1.01 (0.69 to 1.47) |
1.05 (0.72 to 1.52) |
1.08 (0.73 to 1.60) |
1.11 (0.75 to 1.66) |
1.01 (0.56 to 1.82) |
0.88 (0.51 to 1.51) |
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Father’s education | ||||||||||
| High school or above | 0.95 (0.51 to 1.77) |
1.18 (0.63 to 2.22) |
1.76 (0.86 to 3.60) |
1.72 (0.83 to 3.55) |
1.77 (0.94 to 3.31) |
1.60 (0.86 to 2.98) |
1.89 (0.97 to 3.69) |
1.98 (1.00 to 3.92)* |
1.58 (0.64 to 3.91) |
1.39 (0.58 to 3.33) |
| Secondary | 0.86 (0.55 to 1.34) |
0.95 (0.61 to 1.50) |
1.22 (0.74 to 2.03) |
1.17 (0.70 to 1.96) |
1.12 (0.71 to 1.76) |
1.07 (0.68 to 1.67) |
1.60 (1.00 to 2.58) |
1.68 (1.04 to 2.72)* |
1.09 (0.55 to 2.14) |
1.11 (0.59 to 2.10) |
| Primary | 0.87 (0.57 to 1.33) |
0.95 (0.62 to 1.45) |
1.25 (0.77 to 2.03) |
1.27 (0.77 to 2.08) |
1.19 (0.78 to 1.82) |
1.18 (0.77 to 1.80) |
0.93 (0.60 to 1.43) |
1.00 (0.64 to 1.55) |
0.72 (0.37 to 1.43) |
0.86 (0.46 to 1.61) |
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Alcohol use in family | ||||||||||
| Someone uses | 1.11 (0.78 to 1.58) |
1.16 (0.82 to 1.66) |
1.29 (0.86 to 1.92) |
1.43 (0.95 to 2.14) |
1.10 (0.78 to 1.57) |
1.05 (0.74 to 1.49) |
1.10 (0.76 to 1.59) |
1.14 (0.78 to 1.66) |
1.11 (0.64 to 1.92) |
1.38 (0.83 to 2.29) |
| No one uses | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Tobacco use in family | ||||||||||
| Someone uses | 1.78 (1.26 to 2.50)* |
1.78 (1.26 to 2.51)* |
1.16 (0.79 to 1.71) |
1.19 (0.80 to 1.76) |
1.40 (0.99 to 1.99) |
1.41 (1.00 to 1.99) |
2.01 (1.40 to 2.90)* |
2.10 (1.45 to 3.05)* |
1.22 (0.71 to 2.09) |
1.21 (0.73 to 2.02) |
| No one uses | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Ref refers to reference category.
Values are adjusted ORs (95% CI); adjusted for all other variables in the model.
*Refers to statistically significant association.