Table 4.
A selection of geo-data within GECCO and within each individual cohort study*†‡
| Spatial scale | The Netherlands | GECCO (all cohort studies) |
Generations2-study | Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam |
Netherlands Longitudinal Study on Hearing |
Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety | Netherlands Twin Register |
New Hoorn Study | |
| Spatial distribution of cohort study | |||||||||
| Local versus nationwide cohort study | – | – | Nationwide | Nationwide | Nationwide | Nationwide | Nationwide | Nationwide | Local |
| Municipalities inhabited by participants (n (%))‡ | Municipality | 458 | 458 (100.0) | 53 (12.9) | 90 (19.7) | 288 (62.9) | 205 (44.8) | 458 (100.0) | 3 (0.7) |
| Population and households | |||||||||
| Number of men and women (Median (IQR)) | PC4 | 2595.0 (680.0–6696.3) |
7980.0 (4805–11 190.0) |
9045.0 (5355.0–12 342.5) |
8950.0 (5775.0–11 940.0) |
8345.0 (5500.0–11 045.0) |
9355.0 (6340–12 470.0) |
7540.0 (4595.0–10 625.0) |
9540.0 (5095.0–11 450.0) |
| Percentage of residents (≥65 years) (Median (IQR)) | Neighbourhood | 13.0 (9.0–18.0) | 13.0 (8.0–17.0) | 12.0 (8.0–16.0) | 14.0 (10.0–20.0) | 13.0 (8.0–17.0) | 12.0 (7.0–17.0) | 13.0 (9.0–17.0) | 11.0 (7.0–18.0) |
| Percentage of Western immigrants (Median (IQR)) | Neighbourhood | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 8.0 (5.0–10.0) | 9.0 (7.0–14.0) | 7.0 (4.0–10.0) | 9.0 (7.0–11.0) | 10.0 (7.0–14.0) | 8.0 (5.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.0–9.0) |
| Percentage of non-Western immigrants (Median (IQR)) | Neighbourhood | 5.0 (2.0–13.0) | 4.0 (2.0–11.0) | 10.0 (4.0–18.0) | 5.0 (2.0–14.5) | 6.0 (3.0–12.0) | 7.0 (4.0–17.0) | 4.0 (2.0–9.0) | 9.0 (4.0–14.0) |
| Average household size (Mean (SD)) | PC4 | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.2) |
| Housing stock (Median (IQR)) | Neighbourhood | 1370.0 (710.0–2440.0) |
1195.0 (610.0–2210.0) |
1725.0 (905.0–3390.0) |
1175.0 (500.0–2130.0) |
1390.0 (762.5–2605.0) |
1817.5 (785.0–3610.0) |
1260.0 (635.0–2215.0) |
730.0 (430.0–920.0) |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
| Socioeconomic status score (Median (IQR)) | PC4 | 0.21 (−0.46 to 0.65) |
0.27 (−0.22 to 0.67) |
0.68 (−0.15 to 1.13) |
0.32 (−0.20 to 0.50) |
0.28 (−0.39 to 0.72) |
0.09 (−0.96 to 0.63) |
0.32 (−0.17 to 0.71) |
−0.04 (−0.15 to 0.16) |
| Home value (in €1000,-) (Median (IQR)) | Neighbourhood | 197.0 (155.0–242.0) |
205.0 (165.0–248.0) |
244.0 (198.0–296.0) |
193.0 (164.0–244.0) |
200.0 (162.0–247.0) |
207.0 (151.3–253.0) |
208.0 (168.0–248.0) |
175.0 (152.0–220.0) |
| Social security | |||||||||
| Number of social security beneficiaries per 1000 households (Mean (SD)) | Neighbourhood | 46.0 (48.2) | 38.1 (40.8) | 34.0 (36.9) | 42.2 (41.4) | 41.5 (40.6) | 54.4 (53.4) | 36.5 (39.6) | 37.0 (36.2) |
| Number of incapacity benefits per 1000 residents (15–64 years old) (Mean (SD)) |
Neighbourhood | 78.5 (35.3) | 77.1 (30.3) | 65.5 (24.6) | 88.4 (37.1) | 74.6 (25.4) | 73.1 (38.3) | 75.0 (28.2) | 101.1 (30.3) |
| Noise | |||||||||
| Road-traffic, rail-traffic and air-traffic noise (in dB (A)) (Mean (SD)) | PC6 | 53.5 (5.8) | 53.1 (5.7) | 55.8 (4.8) | 53.9 (5.7) | 53.9 (5.5) | 54.8 (3.3) | 52.9 (5.9) | 53.8 (4.1) |
| Air pollution | |||||||||
| Mass concentration of NOx (in µg/m3) (Mean (SD)) | PC6 | 35.2 (11.5) | 34.0 (10.6) | 38.2 (14.0) | 35.6 (12.4) | 36.2 (11.6) | 40.0 (12.2) | 33.4 (10.5) | 32.5 (4.6) |
| Reflectance of PM2.5 filters (in 10–5/m) (Mean (SD)) | PC6 | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.1) |
| Mass concentration of PM2.5 (in µg/m3) (Mean (SD)) | PC6 | 16.6 (0.7) | 16.5 (0.7) | 16.3 (0.6) | 16.4 (0.8) | 16.6 (0.7) | 16.4 (0.6) | 16.5 (0.7) | 15.9 (0.2) |
| Mass concentration of PMcoarse (in µg/m3) (Mean (SD)) | PC6 | 8.4 (0.8) | 8.3 (0.8) | 8.7 (1.1) | 8.5 (1.0) | 8.5 (0.9) | 8.8 (1.1) | 8.2 (0.7) | 8.2 (0.3) |
| Mass concentration of NO2 (in µg/m3) (Mean (SD)) | PC6 | 24.4 (6.8) | 23.7 (6.3) | 26.0 (7.7) | 23.7 (7.0) | 25.2 (6.9) | 27.9 (7.5) | 23.3 (6.2) | 22.7 (2.3) |
| Liveability | |||||||||
| Liveability (n (%)) | PC4 | ||||||||
| Extremely negative | 27 635 (0.2) | 37 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.2) | 29 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Very negative | 195 255 (1.2) | 207 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 12 (0.6) | 7 (0.7) | 9 (0.3) | 179 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Moderate | 766 535 (4.7) | 1349 (3.0) | 12 (6.0) | 159 (7.5) | 30 (3.0) | 265 (8.9) | 883 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Moderate positive | 2 219 065 (13.7) | 4921 (11.1) | 20 (10.0) | 241 (11.4) | 126 (12.7) | 603 (20.3) | 3418 (9.6) | 513 (18.3) | |
| Positive | 5 827 290 (35.8) | 16 844 (37.8) | 70 (34.8) | 580 (27.3) | 438 (44.2) | 1298 (43.7) | 12 165 (34.3) | 2293 (81.7) | |
| Very positive | 7 047 355 (43.3) | 20 661 (46.4) | 94 (46.8) | 1110 (52.3) | 378 (38.1) | 772 (26.0) | 18 307 (51.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Extremely positive | 183 105 (1.1) | 493 (1.1) | 5 (2.4) | 17 (0.8) | 12 (1.3) | 17 (0.6) | 442 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Urbanisation grade | |||||||||
| Urbanised area (yes (n (%)) |
Neighbourhood | 10 099 420 (61.8) | 25 702 (58.8) | 142 (71.4) | 1194 (58.7) | 685 (70.1) | 2278 (76.7) | 18 947 (54.5) | 2456 (88.9) |
*Table 4 presents data for all cohort studies in 2006, except for the Generations2-study. For the Generations2-study geo-data from 2009 are shown.
†The sample size may vary for some variables, because of missing values. Means and SD are presented for normally distributed continuous variables. Medians and IQR are presented for skewed continuous variables. Frequencies and proportions are presented for categorical variables.
‡In 2006 and 2009, there were 458 and 411 municipalities in the Netherlands, respectively.
dB(A), A-weighted decibels; GECCO, Geoscience and Health Cohort Consortium; n, number of observations; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NOx, nitrogen oxides; PC4, 4-digit postal code; PC6, 6-digit postal code; PMcoarse, particulate matter with diameter 2.5–10 µm; PM2.5, particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 µm.