Table 2.

Hazard ratio of diabetes and pre-diabetes among women with and without GDM at different follow-up period

	Diabetes		Pre-diabetesa
	Non-GDM	GDM	Non-GDM	GDM
GDM women with early postpartum follow-up (mean 3.53 years)
No. of participants	705	1263	698	1180
No. of cases	7	83	198	401
Pearson-years	4052	2886	4014	2668
Multiple adjusted hazard ratios
Model 1	1	113 (37.3-346)	1	29.0 (21.2-39.5)
Model 2	1	91.0 (28.2-294)	1	27.0 (19.5-37.5)
Model 3	1	76.1 (23.6-246)	1	25.4 (18.2-35.3)
GDM women with extended postpartum follow-up (mean 4.40 years)
No. of participants	705	1263	698	1149
No. of cases	7	114	198	418
Pearson-years	4052	4609	4014	4262
Multiple adjusted hazard ratios
Model 1	1	17.0 (7.92-36.6)	1	2.20 (1.85-2.62)
Model 2	1	15.6 (6.62-36.7)	1	2.30 (1.89-2.80)
Model 3	1	13.0 (5.54-30.6)	1	2.15 (1.76-2.62)

Model 1 was adjusted for age; Model 2 was adjusted for age, education, family income, family history of diabetes, current smoking, passive smoking, current alcohol drinking, leisure time physical activity, sleeping time, energy consumption, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate consumption, and sweetened beverage drinking; Model 3 was adjusted for factors in Model 2 and also body mass index.

^aExcluding type 2 diabetes.