Table 4. Numbers (n) and percentages (%)*of level of DME among IHS-JVN patients, by their characteristics.
| Characteristic | Absent | Not Clinically Significant | CSDME | Hypothesis tests of independence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | Chi-Sq | (df) | P-value | |
| Age | |||||||||
| Less than 50 years | 18217 | 97.7 | 284 | 1.5 | 139 | 0.7 | 48.6 | (6) | < 0.0001 |
| 50 to 59 years | 13410 | 97.2 | 242 | 1.8 | 141 | 1.0 | |||
| 60 to 69 years | 9343 | 98.1 | 106 | 1.1 | 76 | 0.8 | |||
| 70 years and older | 3836 | 98.5 | 21 | 0.5 | 38 | 1.0 | |||
| Gender** | |||||||||
| Male | 19585 | 97.4 | 336 | 1.7 | 187 | 0.9 | 17.8 | (2) | 0.0001 |
| Female | 25218 | 98.0 | 317 | 1.2 | 207 | 0.8 | |||
| Area | |||||||||
| Southwest | 25787 | 97.6 | 402 | 1.5 | 221 | 0.8 | 14.3 | (10) | 0.1617 |
| Alaska | 492 | 99.4 | 2 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.2 | |||
| East of Mississippi River | 1685 | 98.1 | 18 | 1.0 | 15 | 0.9 | |||
| Northern Plains | 4209 | 97.7 | 66 | 1.5 | 35 | 0.8 | |||
| Northwest | 5123 | 97.6 | 72 | 1.4 | 52 | 1.0 | |||
| Oklahoma | 7510 | 97.9 | 93 | 1.2 | 70 | 0.9 | |||
| Duration of diabetes | |||||||||
| Less than 1 year | 5696 | 99.1 | 29 | 0.5 | 21 | 0.4 | 556.5 | (8) | < 0.0001 |
| 1 to 5 years | 12669 | 99.2 | 63 | 0.5 | 36 | 0.3 | |||
| 6 to 10 years | 8965 | 98.3 | 101 | 1.1 | 53 | 0.6 | |||
| More than 10 years | 13703 | 95.4 | 414 | 2.9 | 253 | 1.8 | |||
| Unknown/missing | 3773 | 98.0 | 46 | 1.2 | 31 | 0.8 | |||
| Diabetes therapy | |||||||||
| Diet only | 4225 | 99.4 | 14 | 0.3 | 11 | 0.3 | 504.3 | (8) | < 0.0001 |
| Oral medications | 23388 | 98.6 | 205 | 0.9 | 134 | 0.6 | |||
| Insulin only | 4995 | 94.7 | 173 | 3.3 | 107 | 2.0 | |||
| Insulin & oral medications | 8108 | 95.9 | 231 | 2.7 | 120 | 1.4 | |||
| Unknown/missing | 4090 | 98.7 | 30 | 0.7 | 22 | 0.5 | |||
| Glycemic control | |||||||||
| A1c of less than 6% (< 42 mmol/mol) | 4296 | 99.3 | 16 | 0.4 | 14 | 0.3 | 420.9 | (10) | < 0.0001 |
| A1c of 6 to 7.9% (42 to 63 mmol/mol) | 16086 | 98.9 | 89 | 0.5 | 85 | 0.5 | |||
| A1c of 8 to 10% (64 to 86 mmol/mol) | 8376 | 97.2 | 156 | 1.8 | 86 | 1.0 | |||
| A1c of greater than 10% (> 86 mmol/mol) | 8415 | 95.3 | 279 | 3.2 | 134 | 1.5 | |||
| Missing but poor glycemic control noted | 760 | 96.0 | 21 | 2.7 | 11 | 1.4 | |||
| Unknown/missing | 6873 | 97.8 | 92 | 1.3 | 64 | 0.9 | |||
| Technology | |||||||||
| NMFP | 29014 | 97.8 | 416 | 1.4 | 241 | 0.8 | 2.49 | (2) | 0.2876 |
| UWFI | 15792 | 97.6 | 237 | 1.5 | 153 | 0.9 | |||
Excludes patients with ungradable images; All chi-square tests examine the likelihood of having a certain severity level of DME.
* Row percentage;
**3 people were 'other' for gender and were excluded.
IHS-JVN = Indian Health Service-Joslin Vision Network Teleophthalmology Program; DME = diabetic macular edema;
CSDME = clinically significant diabetic macular edema; NMFP = nonmydriatic flash photography; UWFI = ultrawide-field imaging; df = degrees of freedom.