Table 1.

Experiments comparing microbiota-free bees with inoculated bees

Bee species	Inoculation	Trait compared	Citation
A. mellifera	S. alvi, G. apicola, and whole community	Immune gene expression, survival rate following E. coli injection	Kwong et al. [30•]
A. mellifera	S. alvi	Susceptibility to Lotmaria infection, immune gene expression, vitellogenin expression	Schwarz et al. [29•]
A. mellifera	F. perrara	Pylorus scab formation	Engel et al. [16•]
A. mellifera	F. perrara	Immune gene expression, melanization response, overall gene expression	Emery et al. [14••]
A. mellifera	Whole community	Metabolism, insulin pathway expression, vitellogenin expression, growth	Zheng et al. [15••]
A. mellifera	S. alvi	Host specificity	Kwong et al. [10]
A. mellifera	S. alvi	Host specificity	Kwong et al. [11•]
A. mellifera	Whole community	Routes of colonization	Powell et al. [6]
B. terrestris	Whole community	Susceptibility to Crithidia infection	Koch and Schmid-Hempel [39••]
B. terrestris	Whole community	Susceptibility to Crithidia infection	Koch and Schmid-Hempel [40]
A. mellifera	Whole community	Survival following antibiotic exposure	Raymann et al. [24••]