Table 2. Characteristics of women according to the presence of dry eye.
| Variables | DED diagnosis | Dry eye symptoms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 8119) | Yes (n = 1317) | p value | No (n = 7111) | Yes (n = 2035) | p value | |
| Age, years | 46.2 ± 16.7 | 46.1 ± 16.1 | 0.79 | 46.3 ± 16.5 | 46.1 ± 16.5 | 0.74 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.6 | 23.0 ± 3.5 | 0.04 | 23.3 ± 3.7 | 23.1 ± 3.7 | 0.08 |
| House income | ||||||
| Lowest | 1706 (21.0) | 253 (19.2) | 0.78 | 1481 (20.8) | 410 (20.1) | 0.74 |
| Low | 2070 (25.5) | 336 (25.5) | 1822 (25.6) | 516 (25.4) | ||
| High | 2155 (26.5) | 359 (27.3) | 1900 (26.7) | 544 (26.7) | ||
| Highest | 2188 (26.9) | 369 (28.0) | 1908 (26.8) | 565 (27.8) | ||
| Educational level | ||||||
| ≤ Middle school | 3426 (42.2) | 521 (39.6) | 0.32 | 2980 (41.9) | 857 (42.1) | 0.52 |
| High school | 2543 (31.3) | 437 (33.2) | 2245 (31.6) | 640 (31.4) | ||
| ≥ College | 2150 (26.5) | 359 (27.3) | 1886 (26.5) | 538 (26.4) | ||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Manager | 794 (9.8) | 126 (9.6) | 0.01 | 692 (9.7) | 194 (9.5) | 0.07 |
| Clerk | 511 (6.3) | 96 (7.3) | 436 (6.1) | 152 (7.5) | ||
| Service and sales | 1067 (13.1) | 162 (12.3) | 934 (13.1) | 251 (12.3) | ||
| Agricultural, forestry and fishery | 576 (7.1) | 44 (3.3) | 490 (6.9) | 107 (5.3) | ||
| Craft, equipment, machine operating and assembling | 203 (2.5) | 38 (2.9) | 181 (2.5) | 53 (2.6) | ||
| Elementary | 768 (9.5) | 107 (8.1) | 673 (9.5) | 174 (8.6) | ||
| Housewife, students, etc. | 4200 (51.7) | 744 (56.5) | 3705 (52.1) | 1104 (54.3) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| None | 3020 (37.2) | 502 (38.1) | 0.67 | 2665 (37.5) | 771 (37.9) | 0.22 |
| ≤ 1 times/week | 4388 (54) | 724 (55) | 3824 (53.8) | 1107 (54.4) | ||
| ≥ 2 times/week | 711 (8.8) | 91 (6.9) | 622 (8.7) | 157 (7.7) | ||
| Smoking behavior | ||||||
| None | 7219 (88.9) | 1207 (91.6) | 0.01 | 6320 (88.9) | 1845 (90.7) | 0.22 |
| Former | 437 (5.4) | 65 (4.9) | 383 (5.4) | 100 (4.9) | ||
| Current | 463 (5.7) | 45 (3.4) | 408 (5.7) | 90 (4.4) | ||
| Physical activity | ||||||
| No | 5556 (68.4) | 914 (69.4) | 0.94 | 4887 (68.7) | 1384 (68.0) | 0.26 |
| ≥ 1 days/week | 2563 (31.6) | 403 (30.6) | 2224 (31.3) | 651 (32.0) | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 6277 (77.3) | 991 (75.2) | 0.57 | 5519 (77.6) | 1529 (75.1) | 0.29 |
| Yes | 1842 (22.7) | 326 (24.8) | 1592 (22.4) | 506 (24.9) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||
| No | 7276 (89.6) | 1081 (82.1) | <0.001 | 6368 (89.6) | 1730 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 843 (10.4) | 236 (17.9) | 743 (10.4) | 305 (15.0) | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 7542 (92.9) | 1207 (91.6) | 0.81 | 6613 (93.0) | 1867 (91.7) | 0.22 |
| Yes | 577 (7.1) | 110 (8.4) | 498 (7.0) | 168 (8.3) | ||
| Thyroid disease | ||||||
| No | 7683 (94.6) | 1191 (90.4) | <0.001 | 6735 (94.7) | 1872 (92.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 436 (5.4) | 126 (9.6) | 376 (5.3) | 163 (8.0) | ||
| Major CVD a | ||||||
| No | 7955 (98.0) | 1292 (98.1) | 0.88 | 6971 (98.0) | 1996 (98.1) | 0.95 |
| Yes | 164 (2.0) | 25 (1.9) | 140 (2.0) | 39 (1.9) | ||
| Cancer | ||||||
| No | 7797 (96.0) | 1260 (95.7) | 0.57 | 6822 (95.9) | 1955 (96.1) | 0.96 |
| Yes | 322 (4.0) | 57 (4.3) | 289 (4.1) | 80 (3.9) | ||
| Menopausal status | ||||||
| Premenopausal | 3823 (47.1) | 566 (43.0) | 0.25 | 3345 (47) | 889 (43.7) | 0.17 |
| Postmenopausal | 4296 (52.9) | 751 (57.0) | 3766 (53) | 1146 (56.3) | ||
| Perceived stress | ||||||
| No and mild | 5882 (72.4) | 898 (68.2) | 0.001 | 5201 (73.1) | 1363 (67) | < .001 |
| Moderate to severe | 2237 (27.6) | 419 (31.8) | 1910 (26.9) | 672 (33) | ||
| Depression diagnosis | ||||||
| No | 6582 (81.1) | 1018 (77.3) | 0.01 | 5804 (81.6) | 1565 (76.9) | < .001 |
| Yes | 1537 (18.9) | 299 (22.7) | 1307 (18.4) | 470 (23.1) | ||
| Suicidal ideation | ||||||
| No | 6741 (83.0) | 1070 (81.2) | 0.09 | 5956 (83.8) | 1605 (78.9) | < .001 |
| Yes | 1378 (17.0) | 247 (18.8) | 1155 (16.2) | 430 (21.1) | ||
DED: dry eye disease, CVD: cardiovascular diseases.
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or numbers (%).
a Major CVD includes myocardial infarction, and stroke.