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. 2018 Jun 18;11(6):1013–1019. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2018.06.20

Table 3. Cost components of REs correction methods.

Parameters Lifetime cost Annual cost Total (%) Standard deviation (US$)
Correction with spectacle (58y time horizon)
Direct costs
 For first visit and spectacle replacement 889.1 32.4 0.26 4.2
 Spectacle 8484.4 310.1 2.49 3.5
Indirect costs
 Visit due to complication 322.8 11.8 0.10 2.7
 Complication treatment 1072.5 39.2 0.31 8.4
 Spectacle repair 2851.2 104.5 0.84 15.6
 Spectacle maintenance 55582.1 2031.5 16.31 41.1
 Travel due to spectacle 76.6 2.8 0.02 0.4
 Physical access 1559.5 57 0.46 16.5
 Patient opportunity cost 180453.7 6595.5 52.95 121.6
 Caregiver opportunity cost 83341.7 3046.1 24.46 78.4
 Days without spectacle 6120.5 223.7 1.80 10.2
Total 340754.1 12454.6 100.0 302.6
Correction with contact lenses (52y time horizon)
Direct costs
 Visit for the first time and the following 4280.3 163.4 5.04 3.5
 Contact lenses 353.9 13.5 0.41 0.1
 Drug 566.3 21.6 0.67 0.1
Indirect costs
 Visit due to complication 3533.7 134.9 4.16 12.6
 Complication treatment 1372.6 52.4 1.62 8.7
 Contact lenses maintenance 2973.2 113.5 3.50 11.9
 Physical access 1199.7 45.8 1.41 11.4
 Patient opportunity cost 61608.9 2351.9 72.51 54.8
 Caregiver opportunity cost 9076.7 346.5 10.68 52.4
Total 84965.3 3243.5 100 155.5
Correction with refractive surgery (45y time horizon)
Direct costs
 Visit for first time 18.9 0.8 0.60 0.1
 Surgery and drug 549.2 18.3 13.79 1.1
Indirect costs
 Visit due to complication 109.2 4.5 3.39 0.8
 Complication treatment 349.3 14.2 10.70 2.8
 Spectacle for protection 5.6 0.2 0.15 0.1
 Physical access 363.8 14.8 11.15 4.6
 Patient opportunity cost 1411.3 57.5 43.34 11.6
 Caregiver opportunity cost 549.9 22.4 16.88 3.1
Total 3357.2 132.7 100 24.2