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. 2018 Jun 20;8:9411. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27779-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed mechanism and demonstration of bioparticle focusing in whole blood. (a) Inertial migration within square microchannel cross-section in Newtonian fluid, with particles migrating toward wall centres under the influence of shear-induced (F_s), wall-induced (F_w) and rotation-induced (F_Ω) forces. (b) Migration toward channel center axis dominated by elastic force (F_e) in a Non-Newtonian (viscoelastic)fluid. (c) Our proposed mechanism of migration in a sandwiched co-flow channel where particles first migrate from blood streams toward the central saline stream under the influence of shear-induced diffusion (F_d) and possible elastic force (F_e), and subsequently continue to migrate in saline stream toward microchannel center under the influence of inertial forces. (d) Layout of our co-flow device, with a focusing length of 10 mm and a cross-section of 100 µm (w) × 50 µm (h). (e) Demonstration of the concept using whole blood sample spiked with fluorescent polystyrene particles (18.7 µm diameter). Bright field (BF) images show flow of whole blood and saline at the channel input, center, and output. Fluorescent (FL) images reveal particle trajectories. Merged images (FL + inverted BF) illustrate preferential focusing of particles (green) from whole blood (red). (f) Intensity profiles of blood and particle streams across the dashed lines in (e), indicating expanded blood streams and progressively focused particles. The flow rates of whole blood and saline were both 112.5 µL/min.