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. 2018 Jun 20;8:9401. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27760-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Micro-structure of the BNC surface. In (a), regular surface structures are presented. (I) Phase contrast images (M = 10x) reveal structures reminding of cracks (orange arrow) and cavities (~10–20 µm in diameter, white arrows) all over the surface. In (II), a typical structural islet with an agglomerate multiphoton pattern is shown (white arrows in AF and SHG images). In (b), a trench is displayed in various depths which is large enough to act as cell seeding core (diameter of > 60 µm at surface, unseparated multiphoton image, M = 40x).