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. 2018 Jun 20;8:9420. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27330-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Overview of the exercise paradigm. (A) Block diagram of the nematode exercise system. Exercise was implemented at 25 °C. (B) Frequency optimization. Change in speed of animals was calculated by taking the ratio of speed before and immediately after a one min vibration to the initial speed of animal (n = 5 animals per data point). (C) Speed-time profile of animals during continuous vibration (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA post-test Dunnett’s multiple comparisons to t = 0; n = 8 animals per data point). (D) Speed-time profile of animals during interval vibration mode (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA post-test Dunnett’s multiple comparisons to t = 0; n = 8 animals per data point). (E) Schematic of the time sequence used in our final exercise paradigm. (F) Speed-time profile of animals during the final exercise paradigm (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA post-test Dunnett’s multiple comparisons to t = 0; n = 8 animals per data point). (G) Total exercise effect estimation (***P < 0.001; n = 8 animals per group). Total distance travelled was calculated by taking the area under the curve of speed-time graphs during the training phase only. Speed of animals was monitored at the 1^st and 30^th minute of each interval (representing the start and end of each cycle). All experiments described in this panel were performed in JK1107 animals at day 6 post bleaching. Experiments were carried out in at least two other trials, with similar trends observed.