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. 2018 Jun 20;8:9419. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26867-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Three-group comparisons of (A) mitochondrial routine respiration, (B) maximal ETS capacity, (C) ATP-turnover-related respiration, (D) spare respiratory capacity, (E) coupling efficiency, and (F) citrate synthase activity between non-depressed control subjects with (N = 4, filled circles) and without CSA (N = 17, open circles), MDD patients without CSA (N = 12, open squares), and MDD patients with CSA (N = 6, filled squares) revealed a stepwise decrease in ATP-turnover-related respiration and coupling efficiency with the strongest reduction in MDD patients with CSA, as well as an increase in the citrate synthase activity, with the highest values for MDD patients with CSA. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CSA, childhood sexual abuse; ETS, electron transfer system; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (Tuckey post-hoc comparisons).