Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical characteristics of depressed patients and non-depressed control subjects.
| Controls | MDD patients | t/W/χ 2a | df | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 21) | (N = 18) | ||||
| Age (mean ± SD; years) | 57.5 ± 5.7 | 59.3 ± 6.6 | −0.92 | 37 | 0.37 |
| BMI (mean ± SD; kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 29.6 ± 7.5 | 105.5 | 0.02 | |
| Smoking status (yes, N [%]) | 3 (14.3%) | 8 (44.4%) | 2.99 | 1 | 0.08 |
| Physical activity (yes, N [%]) | 18 (85.7%) | 11 (61.1%) | 1.92 | 1 | 0.17 |
| BDI-II sum score (mean ± SD) | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 23.8 ± 10.9 | −8.33 | 18.3 | <0.001 |
| Number of traumatic eventsb | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 3.8 ± 3.2 | 88 | 0.01 | |
| Childhood sexual abuse (yes, N [%])b | 4 (19.1%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.77 | 1 | 0.38 |
| Chronic diseases | |||||
| Hypertension (N [%])c | 4 (19.0%) | 4 (22.2%) | |||
| Thyroid disease (N [%])c | 3 (14.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | |||
| Arthritis (N [%]) | 2 (9.5%) | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| Fibromyalgia (N [%]) | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| COPD (N [%]) | — | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| Asthma (N [%])c | — | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| Esophagitis (N [%])c | — | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| Cardiac disease (N [%]) | — | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| Pain syndrome (N [%]) | 1 (4.8%) | — | |||
| Neurofibromatosis (N [%]) | 1 (4.8%) | — | |||
| Bursitis (N [%]) | 1 (4.8%) | — | |||
| Medication | |||||
| Antidepressants (N [%]) | — | 13 (72.2%) | |||
| Antipsychotics (N [%])d | — | 5 (27.8%) | |||
| Antihypertensive drugse | 3 (14.3%) | 7 (38.9%) | |||
| Thyroid hormone (N [%]) | 3 (14.3%) | 5 (27.8%) | |||
| Sedatives (N [%]) | 1 (4.8%) | 5 (27.8%) | |||
| Analgesics (N [%]) | — | 3 (16.7%) | |||
| Laxatives (N [%]) | — | 2 (11.1%) | |||
| Vitamins (B1,B6,B12) (N [%]) | — | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| Statins (N [%]) | — | 1 (5.6%) | |||
| Blood collection time (mean ± SD)f | 11.5 ± 2.0 | 11.0 ± 2.1 | 0.62 | 30 | 0.54 |
Abbreviations: MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; BMI, Body mass index; SD, standard deviation.
aTwo-tailed Student’s t-tests/Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests/χ2 tests. Significant p-values are given in bold.
bTwo missings for MDD patients.
cMultimorbidity (three MDD patients, 1 control subject).
dAdjunctive treatment to antidepressants.
eAntihypertensive drugs included beta blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors.
fBlood collection time was calculated as hours from midnight to blood drawings. N (Controls) = 18, N(MDD patients) = 14.