Table 2.

Mean range of motion (ROM) (°), peak ground reaction forces (GRF) (%BW), GRF integral (Ns/kg), and peak moment (Nm/kg), as well as the standard deviations (SD) during gait for the six backpack configurations. CC: cranio-caudal; AP: anterior-posterior; ML: medial-lateral; M: moment.

	15 kg/30 N	15 kg/120 N	20 kg/30 N	20 kg/120 N	25 kg/30 N	25 kg/120 N
ROM foot flex-ex	33.1 (5.7)	33.4 (6.0)	32.9 (5.9)	33.2 (5.9)	33.7 (5.8)	35.1 (5.8)
ROM foot inv-ev	4.7 (1.0)	4.3 (0.9)	4.4 (0.8)	4.4 (0.9)	4.3 (1.1)	4.4 (0.9)
∗ROM knee flex-ex	59.9 (3.4)	60.0 (6.2)	58.3 (3.0)	58.1 (3.4)	57.5 (3.6)	56.7 (3.6)
ROM hip flex-ex	39.5 (6.3)	41.1 (9.5)	39.5 (7.6)	40.6 (8.3)	40.2 (6.2)	41.6 (8.2)
ROM pelvis tilt	5.2 (2.1)	5.2 (1.6)	5.3 (1.6)	5.2 (1.3)	5.2 (1.3)	5.3 (1.3)
ROM pelvis obli	4.2 (1.3)	4.6 (1.6)	4.3 (1.8)	4.4 (1.8)	4.1 (1.5)	4.5 (1.8)
∗ROM pelvis rot	6.2 (1.8)	5.5 (1.9)	5.1 (1.9)	5.0 (2.2)	4.7 (1.8)	5.4 (2.3)
∗GRF peak CC	142.6 (10)	143.8 (13.6)	148.2 (13.6)	148.8 (12.4)	155.7 (13.5)	157.1 (14.2)
∗GRF int CC	71.7 (3.7)	70.8 (4.5)	75.0 (5.1)	75.2 (4.1)	78.1 (5.1)	79.1 (5.5)
∗GRF peak AP	24.2 (4.2)	23.4 (3.5)	24.7 (5.0)	24.6 (4.8)	25.6 (4.9)	26.1 (5.0)
∗GRF intdec AP	−3.8 (1.0)	−3.7 (0.9)	−3.9 (1.0)	−3.9 (1.0)	−4.1 (1.0)	−4.1 (1.0)
∗GRF intacc AP	4.0 (0.6)	3.8 (0.6)	4.1 (0.8)	4.0 (0.8)	4.2 (0.8)	4.3 (0.8)
GRF peak ML	3.9 (2.3)	4.0 (1.7)	3.5 (1.9)	3.4 (1.9)	3.7 (1.6)	3.5 (2.0)
∗GRF integral ML	−2.1 (1.4)	−2.1 (1.6)	−2.3 (1.4)	−2.5 (1.6)	−2.3 (1.5)	−2.7 (1.6)
∗M knee peak	11.3 (2.8)	10.8 (2.5)	11.7 (3.4)	11.6 (3.1)	13.0 (3.5)	12.9 (3.6)
M hip peak	13.6 (3.1)	13.1 (3.3)	13.2 (2.5)	13.6 (3.4)	14.2 (3.0)	14.4 (3.2)

^∗One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of independent variables (i.e., backpack weight and hip belt tension) on the resulting parameter.