Table 2.
Odds ratios (OR) of being HIV positive for women and men, Uganda AIS, 2004-2005 and 2011 (n = 39,766).
| Parameters | Model 1 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Constant | 0.06 | [0.06–0.08]∗ | 0.02 | [0.02–0.03]∗ | 0.01 | [0.00–0.01]∗ |
| Model 1: Socio-economic factors | ||||||
| Wealth status (Ref: Lowest) | ||||||
| Second | 1.04 | [0.90–1.20] | 1.07 | [0.93–1.24] | 1.04 | [0.90–1.20] |
| Middle | 1.00 | [0.86–1.15] | 1.06 | [0.91–1.23] | 1.02 | [0.88–1.19] |
| Fourth | 1.02 | [0.88–1.18] | 1.09 | [0.93–1.27] | 1.05 | [0.90–1.22] |
| Highest | 1.05 | [0.90–1.22] | 1.20 | [1.02–1.40]∗ | 1.15 | [0.98–1.35] |
| Education (Ref: No) | ||||||
| Incomplete primary | 0.91 | [0.80–1.04] | 1.23 | [1.08–1.41]∗ | 1.12 | [0.98–1.28] |
| Complete primary | 1.00 | [0.86–1.18] | 1.32 | [1.12–1.56]∗ | 1.17 | [0.99–1.39] |
| Incomplete secondary | 0.67 | [0.57–0.78]∗ | 1.10 | [0.93–1.30] | 0.95 | [0.80–1.13] |
| Complete secondary & higher | 0.54 | [0.43–0.68]∗ | 0.74 | [0.58–0.94]∗ | 0.63 | [0.49–0.81]∗ |
| Missing | 1.20 | [0.34–4.23] | 1.70 | [0.47–6.10] | 1.58 | [0.44–5.65] |
| Model 2: Other socio-economic factors | ||||||
| Place of residence (Ref: Urban) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.52 | [0.44–0.60]∗ | 0.60 | [0.51–0.70]∗ | ||
| Ethnicity (Ref: Baganda) | ||||||
| Banyankole/Bakiga | 1.18 | [0.99–1.40] | 1.43 | [1.21–1.70]∗ | ||
| Iteso/Karimojong | 0.75 | [0.60–0.93]∗ | 0.86 | [0.69–1.07] | ||
| Lubgbara/Madi | 0.48 | [0.36–0.62]∗ | 0.61 | [0.47–0.80]∗ | ||
| Basoga | 0.79 | [0.63–0.98]∗ | 0.76 | [0.62–0.95]∗ | ||
| Langi/Acholi | 1.22 | [0.99–1.50] | 1.42 | [1.16–1.75]∗ | ||
| Bagisu/Sabiny | 0.80 | [0.61–1.05] | 0.73 | [0.56–0.95]∗ | ||
| Alur/Japadhola | 0.79 | [0.61–1.03] | 0.83 | [0.64–1.08] | ||
| Banyoro/Batoro | 1.36 | [1.11–1.67]∗ | 1.33 | [1.08–1.64]∗ | ||
| All others | 0.87 | [0.72–1.04] | 0.95 | [0.80–1.14] | ||
| Time in years (Ref: 2004-05) | ||||||
| 2011 | 1.23 | [1.09–1.39]∗ | 1.23 | [1.09–1.38]∗ | ||
| Model 3: Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
| Age of respondent (Ref: 45–59 years) | ||||||
| 15–24 years | 0.82 | [0.69–0.97]∗ | 1.08 | [0.91–1.29] | ||
| 25–34 years | 1.53 | [1.34–1.75]∗ | 1.71 | [1.49–1.96]∗ | ||
| 35–44 years | 1.69 | [1.48–1.93]∗ | 1.77 | [1.54–2.03]∗ | ||
| Marital status (Ref: Never been married) | ||||||
| Married/living together | 2.32 | [1.94–2.77]∗ | 2.22 | [1.81–2.73]∗ | ||
| Widowed | 11.12 | [8.88–13.93]∗ | 7.94 | [6.24–10.11]∗ | ||
| Divorced/separated | 5.22 | [4.28–6.36]∗ | 3.60 | [2.90–4.47]∗ | ||
| Sex of respondent (Ref: Men) | ||||||
| Women | 1.13 | [1.03–1.24]∗ | 1.72 | [1.54–1.91]∗ | ||
| Model 4: Sexual practices | ||||||
| Drunk with alcohol (Ref: No) | ||||||
| Drunk | 1.25 | [1.12–1.40]∗ | ||||
| Not applicable | 0.27 | [0.02–4.84] | ||||
| Condom use during risky sex (Ref: No) | ||||||
| Used condom | 2.31 | [2.00–2.67]∗ | ||||
| Not applicable | 5.83 | [0.33–103.37] | ||||
| Multiple sexual partners (Ref: 1 partner) | ||||||
| 2–4 partners | 2.13 | [1.86–2.44]∗ | ||||
| >4 partners | 3.87 | [3.29–4.54]∗ | ||||
| Not applicable | 0.82 | [0.58–1.14] | ||||
| HIV/AIDS knowledge (Ref: No knowledge) | ||||||
| Lowest knowledge | 1.13 | [0.80–1.59] | ||||
| Medium knowledge | 1.12 | [0.82–1.52] | ||||
| Highest knowledge | 1.39 | [1.03–1.89]∗ | ||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Cluster variance | 0.566 | 0.049∗ | 0.363 | 0.039∗ | 0.313 | 0.036∗ |
| Clusters | 887 | 887 | 887 | |||
| Individual | 39766 | 39766 | 39766 | |||
OR: odds ratios; 95% CI: confidence intervals. ∗Statistical significance at 5%, P < 0.05.