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. 2018 Jun 7;2018:7812146. doi: 10.1155/2018/7812146

Table 3.

Odds ratios (OR) of being HIV positive for women and men, Uganda AIS, 2004-2005 and 2011 (n = 39,766) controlling for age in single-year dummy variables.

Parameter Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Fixed Effect
 Constant 0.06 [0.06–0.08] 0.13 [0.10–0.16] 0.01 [0.01–0.02] 0.00 [0.00–0.01]
Model 1: SES factors
Wealth (Ref: Lowest)
  Second 1.04 [0.90–1.20] 1.03 [0.89–1.18] 1.07 [0.92–1.23] 1.03 [0.89–1.19]
  Middle 1.00 [0.86–1.15] 0.98 [0.85–1.13] 1.06 [0.91–1.23] 1.02 [0.88–1.18]
  Fourth 1.02 [0.88–1.18] 1.00 [0.86–1.16] 1.08 [0.93–1.26] 1.04 [0.89–1.21]
  Highest 1.05 [0.90–1.22] 1.06 [0.91–1.24] 1.18 [1.00–1.38] 1.13 [0.96–1.33]
Education (Ref: No education)
  Incomplete primary 0.91 [0.80–1.04] 0.87 [0.76–0.99] 1.23 [1.08–1.41] 1.12 [0.97–1.28]
  Complete primary 1.00 [0.86–1.18] 0.92 [0.78–1.08] 1.31 [1.11–1.54] 1.16 [0.98–1.37]
  Incomplete secondary 0.67 [0.57–0.78] 0.58 [0.49–0.68] 1.09 [0.92–1.29] 0.95 [0.80–1.12]
  Complete secondary & higher 0.54 [0.43–0.68] 0.43 [0.34–0.55] 0.69 [0.54–0.89] 0.61 [0.48–0.79]
  Missing 1.20 [0.34–4.23] 1.22 [0.35–4.27] 1.83 [0.51–6.60] 1.71 [0.47–6.15]
Model 2: Other SES factors
Place of residence (Ref: Urban)
  Rural 0.51 [0.43–0.59] 0.52 [0.45–0.61] 0.60 [0.52–0.70]
Ethnicity (Ref: Baganda)
  Banyankole/Bakiga 1.13 [0.95–1.34] 1.17 [0.98–1.39] 1.42 [1.19–1.68]
  Iteso/Karimojong 0.67 [0.54–0.84] 0.74 [0.59–0.93] 0.85 [0.68–1.06]
  Lubgbara/Madi 0.45 [0.35–0.60] 0.47 [0.36–0.62] 0.60 [0.46–0.79]
  Basoga 0.77 [0.62–0.95] 0.78 [0.63–0.97] 0.76 [0.61–0.94]
  Langi/Acholi 1.13 [0.92–1.39] 1.22 [0.99–1.50] 1.42 [1.16–1.75]
  Bagisu/Sabiny 0.75 [0.57–0.98] 0.80 [0.61–1.04] 0.73 [0.56–0.95]
  Alur/Japadhola 0.72 [0.56–0.94] 0.80 [0.62–1.05] 0.84 [0.64–1.09]
  Banyoro/Batoro 1.28 [1.04–1.58] 1.35 [1.09–1.66] 1.33 [1.08–1.63]
  All others 0.82 [0.69–0.98] 0.86 [0.72–1.04] 0.95 [0.79–1.14]
Time in years (Ref: 2005-05)
  UG6 1.22 [1.08–1.38] 1.23 [1.08–1.39] 1.22 [1.08–1.37]
Model 3: socio-demographics
Age of respondent (Ref: 15 years)
  Age 16 0.94 [0.50–1.75] 0.86 [0.46–1.61]
  Age 17 1.04 [0.57–1.90] 0.88 [0.48–1.64]
  Age 18 1.66 [0.97–2.84] 1.24 [0.70–2.18]
  Age 19 1.85 [1.07–3.19] 1.33 [0.74–2.37]
  Age 20 1.89 [1.11–3.22] 1.27 [0.72–2.24]
  Age 21 2.95 [1.74–5.01] 1.86 [1.05–3.30]
  Age 22 2.74 [1.63–4.63] 1.75 [1.00–3.08]
  Age 23 2.84 [1.67–4.83] 1.75 [0.98–3.11]
  Age 24 2.51 [1.48–4.26] 1.51 [0.85–2.67]
  Age 25 2.90 [1.73–4.86] 1.73 [0.99–3.02]
  Age 26 3.36 [1.97–5.71] 1.98 [1.12–3.51]
  Age 27 3.33 [1.96–5.65] 1.89 [1.07–3.35]
  Age 28 3.81 [2.28–6.35] 2.24 [1.29–3.90]
  Age 29 5.01 [2.98–8.42] 2.80 [1.60–4.92]
  Age 30 4.41 [2.66–7.29] 2.55 [1.48–4.41]
  Age 31 4.60 [2.72–7.77] 2.45 [1.39–4.33]
  Age 32 4.73 [2.83–7.92] 2.67 [1.53–4.66]
  Age 33 5.91 [3.49–9.99] 3.20 [1.81–5.64]
  Age 34 4.96 [2.91–8.43] 2.76 [1.56–4.89]
  Age 35 4.90 [2.94–8.17] 2.64 [1.52–4.60]
  Age 36 4.29 [2.51–7.33] 2.33 [1.31–4.15]
  Age 37 5.37 [3.15–9.15] 2.93 [1.65–5.22]
  Age 38 4.29 [2.54–7.25] 2.25 [1.27–3.96]
  Age 39 5.37 [3.13–9.23] 2.84 [1.59–5.08]
  Age 40 3.96 [2.35–6.67] 2.17 [1.24–3.82]
  Age 41 5.26 [3.05–9.07] 2.79 [1.55–5.01]
  Age 42 4.21 [2.45–7.21] 2.14 [1.20–3.83]
  Age 43 4.64 [2.58–8.34] 2.38 [1.28–4.46]
  Age 44 4.57 [2.58–8.10] 2.38 [1.29–4.38]
  Age 45 3.66 [2.13–6.27] 1.82 [1.02–3.25]
  Age 46 3.26 [1.80–5.89] 1.64 [0.88–3.08]
  Age 47 3.57 [1.97–6.45] 1.84 [0.98–3.46]
  Age 48 3.18 [1.80–5.63] 1.60 [0.87–2.96]
  Age 49 4.62 [2.57–8.30] 2.34 [1.25–4.37]
  Age 50 1.69 [0.92–3.11] 0.85 [0.44–1.62]
  Age 51 2.87 [1.52–5.39] 1.44 [0.74–2.81]
  Age 52 3.03 [1.67–5.51] 1.54 [0.82–2.92]
  Age 53 2.75 [1.39–5.47] 1.41 [0.69–2.90]
  Age 54 2.07 [1.06–4.04] 1.11 [0.55–2.24]
  Age 55 1.50 [0.72–3.11] 0.77 [0.36–1.65]
  Age 56 1.67 [0.82–3.43] 0.81 [0.38–1.72]
  Age 57 2.20 [1.06–4.58] 1.13 [0.53–2.44]
  Age 58 1.93 [0.95–3.92] 0.99 [0.47–2.09]
  Age 59 1.51 [0.66–3.47] 0.74 [0.31–1.75]
Marital status (Ref: Never)
  Married/living together 1.65 [1.36–2.00] 2.00 [1.61–2.47]
  Widowed 8.12 [6.39–10.31] 7.18 [5.61–9.19]
  Divorced/separated 3.74 [3.02–4.63] 3.22 [2.58–4.02]
Sex of respondent (Ref: Men)
  Women 1.16 [1.05–1.27] 1.73 [1.55–1.93]
Model 4: Sexual Practices
Drunk alcohol (Ref: No)
  Drunk 1.23 [1.10–1.37]
  Not applicable 0.26 [0.01–4.89]
Used condom (Ref: No)
  Used condom 2.34 [2.02–2.71]
  Not applicable 6.22 [0.34–115.28]
Sexual partners (Ref: 1 partner)
  2–4 partners 2.08 [1.82–2.38]
  >4 partners 3.76 [3.19–4.42]
  Not applicable 0.99 [0.68–1.44]
HIV/AIDS Knowledge (Ref: No)
  Lowest knowledge 1.12 [0.79–1.58]
  Medium knowledge 1.11 [0.82–1.52]
  Highest knowledge 1.38 [1.02–1.87]
Random Effects
 Cluster variance 0.566 0.049 0.385 0.039 0.365 0.039 0.318 0.036
 Units: Cluster 887 887 887 887
 Units: Individual 39766 39766 39766 39766
 Estimation: IGLS (MQL1) IGLS (PQL2) IGLS (PQL2) IGLS (PQL2)

OR: odds ratios; 95% CI: confidence intervals.  Statistical significance at 5% level, P < 0.05.