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. 2018 Jun 20;49:52. doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0545-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Pathological changes in the livers of DHAV-3-infected ducklings at different time points. A Histopathological examination of duckling livers in the control group. B Histopathological changes were not observed in the liver at 12 hpi. C Many cells have dissolved and disappeared, hepatocyte necrosis with hemorrhage at 48 hpi. D DHAV-3 replication in the livers of ducklings with DHAV-3 infection at 12, 48, and 72 hpi. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Three dead ducklings were selected for detecting the viral RNA load using the qRT-PCR method.