Table 5.
Self-reported health (SRH) and mental distress
| Author (ref number) | Sample, method, country, study period | Observed mean differences or risk estimates, immigrants compared with natives: |
|---|---|---|
| SRH | ||
| Borrell et al. [21] | General working pop., survey, Spain. 2001–01 | OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.14–4.10a (m) and OR 1.15, 95%CI 0.59–2.23NS (w) |
| Brekke et. Al [82] | General working pop., survey and register data, Norway, 2000–01 | ERR# = 2.67 (PR 32% vs. 12%) (m) and ERR# = 2.58 (PR 43 vs. 16%) (w). No statistical test. |
| Carneiro. et al. [23] | Elderly care workers, survey, Denmark, 2005. | ERR#= 1.69 (PR 6.4% vs. PR 10.8%) a |
| Cayuela et al. [25] | Immigrants born in low-income countries, survey, Spain, 2011/12. | OR 2.64, 95%CI 1.77–3.93 a (w) and OR 1.33, 95%CI 0.85–2.08 NS (m) |
| Dunlavy and Rostila [35] | General working pop., survey, Sweden 2010–11. | OR 2.39, 95%CI 1.74–3.28 (EE), OR 1.50, 95%CI 1.06–2.12 (LA), OR 1.79, 95%CI 1.34–2.40 (N-W) |
| Dzurova and Drbohlav [36] | General working pop., survey, Czech Republic 2008 and 2012–13. | ERR# = 1.09 (PR = 28% vs. 26%)NS (w), ERR a = 0.96 (PR 21% vs. 22%)NS (m) |
| Jørgensen et al. [47] | Cleaners, survey, Denmark 2007–09 | ERR# = 1.21 (PR 46% vs. 38%) a |
| Pikhart et al. [58] | Immigrant workers, survey, Czech Republic 2003/06 | No significant differences between illegal and legal immigrants. No data for natives. |
| Subedi and Rosenberg [76] | immigrants, survey, Canada, 2001 and 2010 | Sign. difference in the SRH of immigrants with < 10 years vs. > 10 years of residency in Canada |
| Mental Health | ||
| Aalto et al. [10] | Elderly care workers, survey, Finland, 2010 | Burnout: OR 1.46, 95%CI 1.16–1.85. |
| Bhui, et al. [19] | General working pop, survey, UK, 1998–99 | Poor mental health: PR 12–17% vs. PR 15%NS |
| Cayuela et al. [25] | Immigrants born in low-income countries, survey, Spain, 2011/12. | Poor mental health: OR 2.02, 95%CI 1.39–2.93 (w) and OR 1.43, 95%CI 0.92–2.24 (m). |
| DelAmo et al. [32] | General working pop., survey, Spain, 2006/07. | Poor mental health: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.4 (w) and OR 1.1, 95%CI 0.7–1.9 (m) |
| Dunlavy and Rostila [35] | General working pop. Sweden 2010–11. | Poor mental health: OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.39–2.97 (EE) and OR 1.81 (1.22–2.69) (LA) |
| Font et al. [38] | General working pop, survey, Spain, 20,004/5. | Poor mental health: RR 1.09, 95%CI 1.02–1.16 |
| Gamperiene et. Al. [84] | Female cleaners, survey, Norway, n/a. | Poor mental health: OR 2.8 a |
| Hoppe [44] | Employees from a mail service company, survey, Germany, n/a. | Psychological job distress: mean = 1.88 vs 1.89NS |
| Niewenhuijsen et al. [52] | General working pop., survey, Netherlands, 2011–15. | Depression symptoms: ERR# = range 1.2 thru 3.2 a |
| Ortega et al. [55] | Elderly care workers, survey, Denmark, 2005. | Depression symptoms: mean = 8.3 vs. 6.1 a |
| Pasca and Wagner [56] | Empoyees in health care, and social services, Canada, n/a. | Somatic distress: mean = 51.8 vs 57.5 a |
| Sieberer et al. [69] | General working pop., survey, Germany, 2008 | Poor mental health: OR 2.10, 95% CI: 1.44–3.04 |
| Sundin et al. [87] | A general working pop. Only women, survey, Sweden, 2003 | Burnout: mean = 3.2 vs. 3.0 a |
| Vives et al. [89] | A general working pop., survey, Spain, 2004/5 | Poor mental health: ERR# = 1.54 (PR 33% vs 22%) (w) a and ERR#= 1.13 (PR 33% vs. 29.%) (m)NS |
OR Odds ratio, RR relative risk, PR prevalence (%), #ERR estimated relative risk based on reported prevalence numbers, EE Eastern Europe, LA Latin America, range estimates across several groups
astatistically significant. NS not statistically significant, m men, w women, n/a not available