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. 2001 Oct 23;98(22):12695–12700. doi: 10.1073/pnas.221134198

Figure 3.

Figure 3

(A) HIV-1 replication in healthy donor PBMC infected with CXCR4-tropic (NL4–3 shown, similar results with SF-162) or CCR5-tropic HIV-1 (Ba-L shown, similar results with Ada-M) and stimulated with PHA, IL-2, and 0, 1, or 10 μM norepinephrine. Viral replication was measured by ELISA of HIV-1 p24 gag protein, and differences in exponential viral growth curves were analyzed by least-squares regression (both P < 0.0001). (B) Effects of norepinephrine and the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, on HIV-1 gag levels (day 4 postinfection). Norepinephrine significantly enhanced viral replication (P < 0.0001), whereas acetylcholine-treated cultures failed to differ from stimulated controls (P = 0.543). Comparable results were observed in experiments with CXCR4-tropic NL4–3 (data not shown).