Table 1.
Summary of major potable water reuse projects [11].
| Utility | Location | Membrane processes |
Additional treatment processes |
Capacity | Began operating |
Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orange County Water District/Orange County Sanitation District | Fountain Valley, CA, U.S. | MF-RO | Prescreening, UV-AOP, decarbonation, stabilization | 3.8E5 m3/d (100 MGD) | 2008 in current form | Seawater intrusion barrier, groundwater augmentation |
| City of Scottsdale | Scottsdale, AZ, U.S. | MF-RO | Pre-ozonation, UV disinfection, decarbonation, stabilization | 9.5E4 m3/d (25 MGD) | 1998 | Groundwater augmentation |
| West Basin Municipal Water District | Carson, CA, U.S. | MF-RO | Prescreening, pre-ozonation, UV-AOP, decarbonation, stabilization | 5.6E4 m3/d (15 MGD) | 1995 | Seawater intrusion barrier, groundwater augmentation, boiler feed water |
| Water Replenishment District of Southern California | Lakewood, CA, U.S. | MF-RO with secondary RO | UV-AOP, decarbonation, stabilization | 3E4 m3/d (8 MGD) | 2003 | Seawater intrusion barrier, groundwater augmentation |
| Los Angeles Department of Public Works | Los Angeles, CA, U.S. | MF-RO | Decarbonation, stabilization | 1.7E4 m3/d (4.5 MGD) | 2002 | Seawater intrusion barrier, groundwater augmentation |
| Singapore Public Utility Board | Singapore | MF-RO | UV disinfection, decarbonation, stabilization | >1.9E5 m3/d (>50 MGD) | 2003 | Reservoir augmentation |
| Colorado River Municipal Water District | Big Spring, TX, U.S. | MF-RO | UV-AOP | 7.6E3 m3/d (2 MGD) | 2014 | Direct potable reuse |
| Southeast Queensland Water (SEQ) | Queensland, AU | MF-RO | Pre-sedimentation, UV-AOP, stabilization | 6.4E4 m3/d (17 MGD) | 2007 | Reservoir augmentation, industrial use |
| Southeast Queensland Water (SEQ) | Queensland, AU | MF-RO | Pre-sedimentation, UV-AOP, stabilization | 7E4 m3/d (18.5 MGD) | 2008 | Reservoir augmentation, industrial use |
| Southeast Queensland Water (SEQ) | Queensland, AU | MF-RO | Pre-sedimentation, UV-AOP, stabilization | 9.8E4 m3/d (26 MGD) | 2008 | Reservoir augmentation, industrial use |
| Beaufort West Municipality | Western Cape, S.A. | UF-RO | Coagulation, media filtration, UV-AOP | 2.2E3 m3/d (0.6 MGD) | 2010 | Direct potable reuse |
| George Municipality | Western Cape, S.A. | UF | Unknown | 9.8E3 m3/d (2.6 MGD) | 2010 | Drinking water augmentation |
| Mossel Bay Municipality | Western Cape, S.A. | UF-RO | Unknown | 4.9E3 m3/d (1.3 MGD) | 2010 | Industrial water production |
| City of San Diego | San Diego, CA, U.S. | MF/UF-RO | UV-AOP, ozone | 3.8E3 m3/d (1 MGD) | 2011 | Drinking water augmentation |
| Cloudcroft Water and Wastewater Department | Cloudcroft, NM, U.S. | MBR-RO + UF | UV-AOP, GAC | 3.8E2 m3/d (0.1 MGD) | 2007 | Direct potable reuse |