Table 1. Mean annual cost per patient according to clinical and demographic variables, DMT drug at study entry and sequence of events for the 23,082 MS patients.
Brazil: 2000–2015.
| Variables | N (%) | Mean annual cost per patient (US $, SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort | 23082 (100.00) | 13.544.40 (± 4.607.05) | |
| Gender | Female | 16919 (73.30) | 13,537.81 (± 4,590.97) |
| Male | 6163 (26.70) | 13,561.23 (± 4,664.22) | |
| Age | 0–17 | 833 (3.61) | 12,295.33 (± 4,001.04) |
| 18–25 | 3359 (14.55) | 13,270.51 (± 4,449.04) | |
| 26–35 | 6988 (30.27) | 13,346.65 (± 4,573.04) | |
| 36–45 | 6216 (26.93) | 14,273.69 (± 4,836.83) | |
| 46–55 | 4163 (18.04) | 13,478.47 (± 4,806.85) | |
| 56–65 | 1280 (5.55) | 12,322.51 (± 4,319.04) | |
| > 65 | 243 (1.05) | 12,103.21 (± 4,366.05) | |
| Geographic region | Southeast | 13605 (58.94) | 13,834.53 (± 4,985.88) |
| South | 4458 (19.31) | 12,644.44 (± 4,376.67) | |
| Northeast | 2644 (11.45) | 12,727.25 (± 4,636.75) | |
| Midweast | 2025 (8.77) | 13,964.30 (± 4,688.50) | |
| North | 350 (1.52) | 11,233.12 (± 4,363.80) | |
| DMT (at start of treatment) |
Subcutaneos interferon beta 1a (Rebif™) | 7881 (34.14) | 16,913.10 (± 6,799.14) |
| Intramuscular interferon beta 1a (Avonex™) | 5450 (23.61) | 11,522.19 (± 4,489.08) | |
| Subcuaneous interferon beta 1b (Betaferon™ or Extavia™) | 4886 (21.17) | 12,661.66 (± 4,251.33) | |
| Glatiramer (Copaxone™) | 3953 (17.13) | 9,659.48 (± 3,772.44) | |
| Azathioprine | 672 (2.91) | 4,822.24 (± 2,652.35) | |
| Natalizumab (Tysabri™) | 144 (0.62) | 8,668.26 (± 4,651.24) | |
| Other DMT Combinations | 96 (0.42) | 10,909.20 (± 5,090.78) | |
| Period of study entry | 2000 a 2003 | 4611 (19.98) | 18,239.78 (± 7,959.18) |
| 2004 a 2007 | 5039 (21.83) | 14,943.18 (± 7,411.10) | |
| 2008 a 2011 | 8070 (34.96) | 11,528.00 (± 5,574.57) | |
| 2012 a 2015 | 5362 (23.23) | 8,324.58 (± 3,268.17) | |
| Events | Censorship | 11888 (51.50) | 12,810.40 (± 4,218.30) |
| Treatment failure (global) | 11194 (48.50) | 14,098.78 (± 5,099.70) | |
| Treatment failure (relapses) | 2171 (9.41) | 12,664.85 (± 5,684.52) | |
| Treatment failure (switched the medication) | 9835 (42.60) | 14,215.30 (± 5,133.79) | |
| Treatment failure (death) | 1135 (4.92) | 13,800.46 (± 5,837.92) | |
| Cause of Death (ICD-10) |
Multiple Sclerosis (G35) | 438 (38.59) | 10,475.94 (± 6,316.14) |
| Acute myocardial infarction (I219) | 37 (3.26) | 15,299.95 (± 4,984.23) | |
| Other disorders of the urinary tract (N390) | 26 (2.29) | 14,993.01 (± 6,573.97) | |
| Other septicemia (A419) | 25 (2.20) | 12,344.86 (± 5,435.85) | |
| Pneumonia unspecified (J189) | 24 (2.11) | 19,197.85 (± 6,675.30) | |
| Other Causes | 585 (51.54) | 12,923.32 (± 4,309.42) | |
| Comorbidity* | Paralysis | 1312 (18.77) | 12,166.62 (± 5,564.66) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 912 (13.05) | 12,412.63 (± 6,516.65) | |
| Liver disease | 543 (7.77) | 16,164.83 (± 5,823.15) | |
| Renal failure | 461 (6.60) | 16,897.48 (± 7,955.72) | |
| Psychoses | 321 (4.59) | 14,142.52 (± 5,216.06) | |
| Depression | 122 (1.75) | 12,029.42 (± 4,999.55) | |
| Other neurological disorders | 1959 (28.04) | 11,680.16 (± 5,532.18) | |
| Others Comorbidities | 1357 (19.42) | 13,379.96 (± 6,949.39) | |
* The ICD-10 coding algorithms for these comorbidities are shown in Hude Quan et al study [27].