Figure 1. Short IRs are mutagenic.

(A) Schematic of the reporter plasmids and IR sequence (red); cloning and restriction sites are indicated. (B) IR-induced mutations on plasmids replicated in COS-7 cells for 48 h. Error bars indicate SEM of 4–5 replicates. (C) Spectrum of IR-induced mutations in mammalian cells. (D) Schematic diagram of IR-induced mutants. (E) IR-induced mutagenesis after 6 h in replication-incompetent HeLa extracts. Error bars represent the SEM of 3 experiments.