Fig. 1.

tmTNF-α promotes proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were stably transfected with control or tmTNF-α shRNA. a tmTNF-α expression determined by Western blot in parental or shRNA-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. b Cell proliferation was detected after incubation for indicated time points by a CCK8 assay. c Quantification of DNA content by flow cytometry for analysis of cell cycle following propodium iodide staining. d Clonogenicity of parental or shRNA-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells was detected by colony formation assay after a 24-h culture. e Cell migration was evaluated using a wound-healing assay after 0 or 24-h culture. f Number of invasive cells cross through matrigel and membrane porous over 24 h. c–f Representative images on the left, and the quantitative data on the right are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001