Table 2.
Group comparisons on markers of individual functioning
| Overall sample (n = 155) | Low CU | High CU | Omnibus test | Pair-wise contrasts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 36) | Anxious (n = 43) | CU−Anx (n = 36) | CU+Anx (n = 40) | CU+Anx vs. CU−Anx | CU+Anx vs. Anxious | |||
| Effect size [95% CI] | Effect size [95% CI] | |||||||
| Psychiatric symptoms | ||||||||
| Self-report | ||||||||
| Depression, M (SD) | 6.55 (5.00) | 3.33 (1.98) | 9.00 (4.52) | 3.42 (2.93) | 9.63 (5.52) | F (2,155) = 39.29, p < 0.001a,b | *** g = 1.37 [0.87, 1.87] | – |
| Anger, M (SD) | 7.65 (5.72) | 4.44 (3.79) | 8.02 (5.19) | 5.19 (4.24) | 12.33 (5.79) | F (2,155) = 28.13, p < 0.001a,b | *** g = 1.38 [0.88, 1.88] | ** g = 0.78 [0.33, 1.22] |
| PTSD, M (SD) | 9.77 (6.81) | 4.44 (3.78) | 11.74 (6.07) | 6.31 (4.56) | 15.58 (5.99) | F (2,155) = 53.61, p < 0.001a,b | *** g = 1.71 [1.19, 2.24] | † g = 0.63 [0.19, 1.07] |
| Dissociation, M (SD) | 9.41 (6.13) | 6.11 (4.37) | 10.53 (5.35) | 5.56 (3.62) | 14.65 (5.96) | F (2,155) = 36.59, p < 0.001a,b | *** g = 1.80 [1.27, 2.34] | ** g = 0.72 [0.28, 1.17] |
| Informant-rated | ||||||||
| GAD, M (SD) | 4.21 (4.17) | 1.52 (1.71) | 4.16 (4.62) | 4.04 (3.62) | 6.82 (4.2) | F (2,154) = 18.54, p < 0.001b,c | ** g = 0.70 [0.23, 1.16] | ** g = 0.59 [0.15, 1.03] |
| MDD, M (SD) | 2.78 (3.74) | 0.71 (1.45) | 2.65 (3.38) | 2.57 (3.00) | 5.08 (4.91) | F (2,151) = 13.54, p < 0.001b,c | ** g = 0.60 [0.14, 1.06] | ** g = 0.58 [0.14, 1.02] |
| ODD, M (SD) | 2.91 (4.21) | 0.56 (1.48) | 1.46 (2.47) | 4.06 (4.01) | 5.63 (5.59) | F (2,152) = 10.10, p < 0.001a,b,c | – | *** g = 0.97 [0.51, 1.42] |
| CD, M (SD) | 1.38 (2.79) | 0.11 (0.40) | 0.56 (1.10) | 1.83 (2.64) | 3.08 (4.28) | F (2,151) = 8.18, p < 0.001b,c | – | *** g = 0.81 [0.37, 1.26] |
| ASPD, M (SD) | 2.09 (3.50) | 0.26 (0.82) | 0.93 (1.72) | 2.77 (3.89) | 4.52 (4.55) | F (2,151) = 14.54, p < 0.001b,c | – | *** g = 1.05 [0.59, 1.51] |
| ADHD, M (SD) | 7.85 (9.19) | 2.14 (4.40) | 5.14 (8.96) | 9.40 (7.47) | 14.73 (9.57) | F (2,152) = 21.41, p < 0.001b,c | ** g = 0.61 [0.57, 1.48] | *** g = 1.03 [0.57, 1.48] |
| Behavioural risk markers | ||||||||
| Alcohol use, M (SD) | 4.99 (5.31) | 5.14 (4.65) | 4.71 (4.88) | 4.34 (4.20) | 5.78 (7.15) | X 2(3,150) = 1.38, ns | – | – |
| Drug use, M (SD) | 3.49 (6.91) | 1.89 (4.86) | 2.69 (5.68) | 3.48 (6.42) | 5.97 (9.47) | X 2(3,150) = 23.08, p < 0.001b | *** OR = 2.17 [1.27, 3.71] | ** OR = 2.18 [1.32, 3.60] |
| Suicidal ideation (%) | 15.1 | 0 | 12.0 | 14.3 | 33.3 | X 2 (3,152) = 16.84, p < 0.001b | – | † OR = 3.70 [1.17, 11.65] |
| Suicide attempt (%) | 10.3 | 0 | 7.0 | 11.0 | 22.5 | X 2 (3,152) = 11.10, p < 0.01b | – | – |
| Unsafe sex (%) | 37.1 | 22.7 | 27.6 | 34.5 | 64.0 | X 2(3,105) = 10.32† | † OR = 3.38 [1.10, 10.35] | ** OR = 4.67 [1.47, 14.79] |
| Affective functioning | ||||||||
| Irritability, M (SD) | 4.09 (3.71) | 2.51 (2.67) | 4.48 (4.10) | 2.82 (2.54) | 6.21 (3.93) | F (2,150) = 12.77, p < 0.001b | *** g = 0.99 [0.52, 1.47] | – |
| Alexithymia M (SD) | 14.63 (6.38) | 10.39 (3.42) | 16.55 (6.68) | 12.88 (5.13) | 18.05 (6.59) | F (2,151) = 21.49, p < 0.001b | *** g = 0.85 [0.38, 1.323] | – |
N.B. Analyses control for sex. Hedge’s g guidelines for effect size: g of 0.20 = small, 0.50 = medium, 0.80 = large
GAD generalised anxiety disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, ODD oppositional defiant disorder, CD conduct disorder, ASPD antisocial personality disorder, ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, OR odds ratio
† p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
a CU−Anx vs Anxious contrast significant at least at p < 0.01; b CU+Anx vs Low contrast significant at least at p < .01; c CU−Anx vs Low significant at least at p < 0.01