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. 2017 Dec 8;27(7):885–898. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1086-8

Table 2.

Group comparisons on markers of individual functioning

Overall sample (n = 155) Low CU High CU Omnibus test Pair-wise contrasts
Low (n = 36) Anxious (n = 43) CUAnx (n = 36) CU+Anx (n = 40) CU+Anx vs. CUAnx CU+Anx vs. Anxious
Effect size [95% CI] Effect size [95% CI]
Psychiatric symptoms
 Self-report
  Depression, M (SD) 6.55 (5.00) 3.33 (1.98) 9.00 (4.52) 3.42 (2.93) 9.63 (5.52) F (2,155) = 39.29, p < 0.001a,b *** g = 1.37 [0.87, 1.87]
  Anger, M (SD) 7.65 (5.72) 4.44 (3.79) 8.02 (5.19) 5.19 (4.24) 12.33 (5.79) F (2,155) = 28.13, p < 0.001a,b *** g = 1.38 [0.88, 1.88] ** g = 0.78 [0.33, 1.22]
  PTSD, M (SD) 9.77 (6.81) 4.44 (3.78) 11.74 (6.07) 6.31 (4.56) 15.58 (5.99) F (2,155) = 53.61, p < 0.001a,b *** g = 1.71 [1.19, 2.24] g = 0.63 [0.19, 1.07]
  Dissociation, M (SD) 9.41 (6.13) 6.11 (4.37) 10.53 (5.35) 5.56 (3.62) 14.65 (5.96) F (2,155) = 36.59, p < 0.001a,b *** g = 1.80 [1.27, 2.34] ** g = 0.72 [0.28, 1.17]
 Informant-rated
  GAD, M (SD) 4.21 (4.17) 1.52 (1.71) 4.16 (4.62) 4.04 (3.62) 6.82 (4.2) F (2,154) = 18.54, p < 0.001b,c ** g = 0.70 [0.23, 1.16] ** g = 0.59 [0.15, 1.03]
  MDD, M (SD) 2.78 (3.74) 0.71 (1.45) 2.65 (3.38) 2.57 (3.00) 5.08 (4.91) F (2,151) = 13.54, p < 0.001b,c ** g = 0.60 [0.14, 1.06] ** g = 0.58 [0.14, 1.02]
  ODD, M (SD) 2.91 (4.21) 0.56 (1.48) 1.46 (2.47) 4.06 (4.01) 5.63 (5.59) F (2,152) = 10.10, p < 0.001a,b,c *** g = 0.97 [0.51, 1.42]
  CD, M (SD) 1.38 (2.79) 0.11 (0.40) 0.56 (1.10) 1.83 (2.64) 3.08 (4.28) F (2,151) = 8.18, p < 0.001b,c *** g = 0.81 [0.37, 1.26]
  ASPD, M (SD) 2.09 (3.50) 0.26 (0.82) 0.93 (1.72) 2.77 (3.89) 4.52 (4.55) F (2,151) = 14.54, p < 0.001b,c *** g = 1.05 [0.59, 1.51]
  ADHD, M (SD) 7.85 (9.19) 2.14 (4.40) 5.14 (8.96) 9.40 (7.47) 14.73 (9.57) F (2,152) = 21.41, p < 0.001b,c ** g = 0.61 [0.57, 1.48] *** g = 1.03 [0.57, 1.48]
Behavioural risk markers
 Alcohol use, M (SD) 4.99 (5.31) 5.14 (4.65) 4.71 (4.88) 4.34 (4.20) 5.78 (7.15) X 2(3,150) = 1.38, ns
 Drug use, M (SD) 3.49 (6.91) 1.89 (4.86) 2.69 (5.68) 3.48 (6.42) 5.97 (9.47) X 2(3,150) = 23.08, p < 0.001b *** OR = 2.17 [1.27, 3.71] ** OR = 2.18 [1.32, 3.60]
 Suicidal ideation (%) 15.1 0 12.0 14.3 33.3 X 2 (3,152) = 16.84, p < 0.001b OR = 3.70 [1.17, 11.65]
 Suicide attempt (%) 10.3 0 7.0 11.0 22.5 X 2 (3,152) = 11.10, p < 0.01b
 Unsafe sex (%) 37.1 22.7 27.6 34.5 64.0 X 2(3,105) = 10.32 OR = 3.38 [1.10, 10.35] ** OR = 4.67 [1.47, 14.79]
Affective functioning
 Irritability, M (SD) 4.09 (3.71) 2.51 (2.67) 4.48 (4.10) 2.82 (2.54) 6.21 (3.93) F (2,150) = 12.77, p < 0.001b *** g = 0.99 [0.52, 1.47]
 Alexithymia M (SD) 14.63 (6.38) 10.39 (3.42) 16.55 (6.68) 12.88 (5.13) 18.05 (6.59) F (2,151) = 21.49, p < 0.001b *** g = 0.85 [0.38, 1.323]

N.B. Analyses control for sex. Hedge’s g guidelines for effect size: g of 0.20 = small, 0.50 = medium, 0.80 = large

GAD generalised anxiety disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, ODD oppositional defiant disorder, CD conduct disorder, ASPD antisocial personality disorder, ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, OR odds ratio

 p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

a CUAnx vs Anxious contrast significant at least at p < 0.01; b CU+Anx vs Low contrast significant at least at p < .01; c CUAnx vs Low significant at least at p < 0.01