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. 2018 Jun 15;9:1371. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01371

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Copyright © 2018 Espinosa, Mou, Adams, DiBernardo, MacDonald, McRae, Miller, Song, Stempora, Wang, Iwakoshi and Kirk.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Latent and persistent viral infection does not impact allograft rejection in the setting of costimulation blockade (CoB). (A) Mice infected with polyomavirus, murine cytomegalovirus, and HV68 (n = 12) under chronic CoB with CTLA4-Ig fail to reject their allograft, while mock-infected mice (n = 10) do go on to reject their allograft (p = 0.0258). (B) No difference in allograft survival was observed between infected (n = 4) and mock-infected (n = 4) mice under chronic immunosuppression with CTLA4-Ig and rapamycin (p > 0.9999). (C) When treated with short course CTLA4-Ig, survival curves were not significantly different between infected (n = 7) and mock-infected (n = 8) mice (p = 0.1174). Decrement survival indicates immunosuppressive death with a functioning allograft. Allograft survival data were assessed using the Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test for statistical significance.