Table 3.
Analyses of Risk Factors for depression among Patients with glaucoma
| Predictive variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HR | p-value | Adjusted HR | p-value | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| Age | ||||
| 30–50 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 50–60 | 1.56(1.23–1.99) | < 0.001 | 1.39(1.09–1.77) | < 0.001 |
| 60–70 | 1.31(1.03–1.68) | < 0.05 | 1.27(1.03–1.58) | < 0.05 |
| ≥ 70 | 1.56(1.22–1.99) | < 0.001 | 1.35(1.06–1.78) | < 0.05 |
| Gender (Male vs. Female) | 0.64(0.54–0.76) | < 0.0001 | 0.71(0.60–0.84) | < 0.0001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
| < 3 | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥ 3 | 1.18(0.94–1.49) | 0.15 | 1.16(0.92–1.47) | 0.23 |
| Insurance cost | ||||
| < 40,000 NTD | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥ 40,000 NTD | 0.44(0.32–0.61) | < 0.0001 | 0.53(0.38–0.75) | < 0.001 |
| Urbanization level | ||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rural | 1.07(0.88–1.30) | 0.49 | 0.97(0.80–1.18) | 0.77 |
| Living alone | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.36(1.06–1.73) | < 0.05 | 1.34(1.03–1.73) | < 0.05 |
| Substance abuse | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.62(1.08–2.87) | < 0.05 | 1.51(1.02–2.57) | < 0.05 |
| Number of glaucoma medications | ||||
| < 3 | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥ 3 | 0.88(0.70–1.11) | 0.28 | 0.83(0.60–1.16) | 0.28 |
| Types of glaucoma medications | ||||
| Sympathomimetics (Yes vs. No) | 0.91(0.76–1.08) | 0.28 | 0.68(0.36–1.28) | 0.23 |
| Pilocarpine (Yes vs. No) | 1.52(0.92–2.30) | 0.11 | 1.57(0.93–2.10) | 0.10 |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Yes vs. No) | 0.82(0.67–1.01) | 0.07 | 0.89(0.69–1.14) | 0.35 |
| β-blocker (Yes vs. No) | 1.00(0.85–1.19) | 0.97 | 1.07(0.88–1.29) | 0.51 |
| Prostaglandin analogs (Yes vs. No) | 0.94(0.79–1.14) | 0.54 | 1.40(0.74–2.68) | 0.31 |
NTD indicates New Taiwan Dollar, HR indicates hazard ratio, CI indicates confidence interval, In the multivariable analysis, all the other variables in the Table are included for adjustment