Table 1.

Study exclusion criteria

Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction less than 30%

Emergent procedure

Isolated aortic surgery

Pre-existing cognitive impairment

Parkinson’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease

Recent seizures (<3 months)

Prophylactic medications for cognitive decline

Serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL

Liver dysfunction (liver enzymes more than four times the baseline or history and exam suggestive of jaundice)

Active (in the past year) history of alcohol or drug abuse (>10 drinks per week)

Hypersensitivity to any of the study medications

Non–English-speaking (inability to complete the cognitive assessments)