Table 1.
Maternal and Infant Characteristics, Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data, and Pregnancy Outcomes
| Maternal characteristics | n = 41 |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32.5 ± 3.2 |
| Race | |
| White | 37 (90.2) |
| Non-white | 4 (9.8) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 5.6 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13.4 ± 5.5 |
| Parity | 1 ± 1 |
| Years with Type 1 DM | 21.4 ± 7.9 |
| Retinopathy | |
| Yes | 27 (66) |
| No | 14 (34) |
| Nephropathy | |
| Yes | 1 (2.4) |
| No | 40 (97.6) |
| Chronic hypertension | |
| Yes | 7 (17) |
| No | 34 (83) |
| Hemoglobin A1c,% (mmol/mol) | |
| First trimester | 6.5 ± 0.7 (47 ± 8.1) |
| Second trimester | 6.1 ± 0.5 (43 ± 5.5) |
| Third trimester | 6.4 ± 0.6 (46 ± 6.7) |
| Mean CGM glucose, mg/dL (mmol/L) | |
| First trimester | 121.5 ± 19.0 (6.75 ± 1.1) |
| Second trimester | 130.7 ± 20.7 (7.26 ± 1.2) |
| Third trimester | 121.9 ± 19.0 (6.77 ± 1.1) |
| 75th percentile CGM glucose, mg/dL (mmol/L) | |
| First trimester | 131.8 (7.31) |
| Second trimester | 143.8 (7.98) |
| Third trimester | 132.0 (7.33) |
| 90th percentile CGM glucose, mg/dL (mmol/L) | |
| First trimester | 145.7 (8.09) |
| Second trimester | 153.5 (8.52) |
| Third trimester | 144.6 (8.03) |
| Glycemic variability CGM glucose (coefficient of variation, %) | |
| First trimester | 35.5 ± 6.2 |
| Second trimester | 35.5 ± 6.6 |
| Third trimester | 33.3 ± 5.3 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 38.0 ± 1.9 |
| Preeclampsia | |
| Yes | 10 (24) |
| No | 31 (76) |
| Cesarean delivery | |
| Yes | 33 (80) |
| No | 8 (20) |
| Infant characteristics | |
| Birthweight (g) | 4007 ± 735 |
| Birthweight percentile, mean | 93 ± 15 |
| LGA | |
| Yes | 26 (63) |
| No | 15 (37) |
| Neonatal intensive care unit admission for hypoglycemia | |
| Yes | 15 (37) |
| No | 26 (63) |
All data are n (%) or mean ± SD unless otherwise specified.
CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; LGA, large for gestational age; Type 1 DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.