Table 1.
Study participant characteristics
| Overall, n=5352 | No medications, n=2603 | Non-sulfonylurea, n=1889 | Sulfonylurea, n=860 | P values | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 67.1 (8.0) | 68.8 (8.8) | 65.5 (7.2) | 67.8 (8.1) | <0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 5277 (98.6) | 2568 (98.7) | 1854 (98.2) | 855 (99.4) | 0.03 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| White | 4473 (83.6) | 2142 (82.3) | 1631 (86.3) | 700 (81.4) | 0.0002 |
| Black | 750 (14.0) | 395 (15.2) | 213 (11.3) | 142 (16.5) | |
| Asian | 32 (0.6) | 18 (0.7) | 13 (0.7) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Pacific Islander | 61 (1.1) | 24 (0.9) | 25 (1.3) | 12 (1.4) | |
| Native American | 36 (0.7) | 24 (0.9) | 7 (0.4) | 5 (0.6) | |
| Family history of CAD, n (%) | 964 (18.0) | 449 (17.3) | 379 (20.1) | 136 (15.8) | 0.01 |
| Tobacco, n (%) | 318 (59.4) | 1559 (59.9) | 1137 (60.2) | 484 (56.3) | 0.1 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4986 (93.2) | 2403 (92.3) | 1764 (93.4) | 819 (95.2) | 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 4907 (91.7) | 2373 (91.2) | 1756 (93.0) | 778 (90.5) | 0.04 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 31.2 (5.5) | 31.2 (5.9) | 31.6 (5.5) | 30.9 (5.4) | <0.0001 |
| Framingham risk score, mean (SD) | 22.8 (11.2) | 23.8 (11.4) | 21.6 (10.4) | 23.3 (11.5) | <0.0001 |
| PAD, n (%) | 984 (18.4) | 488 (18.8) | 305 (16.2) | 191 (22.2) | 0.0006 |
| CHF, n (%) | 739 (13.8) | 396 (15.2) | 173 (9.2) | 170 (19.8) | <0.0001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 930 (17.4) | 476 (18.3) | 301 (15.9) | 153 (17.8) | 0.1 |
| CKD, n (%) | 960 (17.9) | 524 (20.1) | 128 (6.8) | 308 (35.8) | <0.0001 |
| Dialysis, n (%) | 147 (2.8) | 106 (4.1) | 3 (0.2) | 38 (4.4) | <0.0001 |
| Depression, n (%) | 1461 (27.3) | 702 (27.0) | 556 (29.4) | 203 (23.6) | 0.006 |
| PTSD, n (%) | 931 (17.4) | 434 (16.7) | 373 (19.8) | 124 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Presentation, n (%) | |||||
| Stable angina | 210 (3.9) | 112 (4.3) | 72 (3.8) | 26 (3.0) | 0.001 |
| Positive functional study | 1290 (24.3) | 611 (23.5) | 427 (22.6) | 252 (29.3) | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 470 (8.8) | 246 (9.5) | 152 (8.1) | 72 (8.4) | |
| Chest pain | 3242 (60.6) | 1558 (59.9) | 1191 (63.1) | 493 (57.3) | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 140 (2.6) | 76 (2.9) | 47 (2.5) | 17 (2.0) | |
| Postangiography revascularization, n (%) | |||||
| None | 2361 (44.1) | 1160 (44.6) | 794 (42.0) | 407 (47.3) | 0.02 |
| PCI | 1763 (32.9) | 878 (33.7) | 620 (32.8) | 265 (30.8) | |
| CABG | 1228 (22.9) | 565 (21.7) | 475 (25.2) | 188 (21.9) | |
| Baseline HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 46 (4)(6.4% (0.6)) | 46 (4)(6.4% (0.6)) | 48 (4)(6.5% (0.6)) | 49 (4)(6.6% (0.6)) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline HbA1c category, n (%) | |||||
| <42 mmol/mol (<6%) | 1055 (19.7) | 625 (24.0) | 287 (15.2) | 143 (16.6) | <0.0001 |
| 42–47 mmol/mol (6%–6.4%) | 1634 (30.5) | 846 (32.5) | 570 (30.2) | 218 (25.4) | |
| 48–52 mmol/mol (6.5%–6.9%) | 1540 (28.8) | 692 (26.6) | 603 (31.9) | 245 (28.5) | |
| 53–57 mmol/mol (7%–7.4%) | 1123 (21.0) | 440 (16.9) | 429 (22.7) | 254 (29.5) | |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 3.7 (2.71) | 3.8 (3.0) | 3.4 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.4) | <0.0001 |
BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery by pass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.