Table 1.
Child psychosocial and neurodevelopmental measures
| Domain | Measure |
| Demographic data | Household income and assets, maternal education and employment. |
| Infant health information | Weight, height and diagnoses. |
| Infant neurodevelopment | MRI, DTI, MRS and fMRI. |
| AnfMRItal risk factors | Birth planning; partner support; maternal depression; alcohol, nicotine and illicit substance use; maternal childhood trauma; intimate partner violence; exposure to stressful events; psychological distress; and symptoms of peritraumatic and post-traumatic stress. |
| Trauma and exposure | |
| Emotional distress | Paediatric emotional distress scale. |
| Exposure to violence | Child exposure to community violence. |
| Survey for exposure to community violence. | |
| Parenting | |
| Dyadic interaction* | Global rating scale. |
| Emotional availability scale. | |
| Parenting practices | Parenting and family adjustment scale. |
| Attachment | Brockington postpartum bonding questionnaire. |
| Resilience | Child and youth resilience measure. |
| General development | Western Cape screen. |
| Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III), Third Edition (Bayley-III). | |
| General cognitive function | Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II). |
| Problem solving | KABC-II Conceptual thinking. |
| Visual-spatial memory/processing | KABC-II Face recognition. |
| Visual-spatial processing and problem solving | KABC-II Triangles. |
| Working memory and motor sequencing | KABC-II Hand movements. |
| Language | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition. |
| KABC-II Expressive vocabulary. | |
| Memory | |
| Learning | KABC-II Atlantis. |
| Delayed recall | KABC-II Atlantis delayed. |
| Executive function | |
| Working memory | Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence, Fourth Edition: picture memory |
| Inhibition | Day–night task. |
| Cognitive flexibility | Dimension change card sort. |
| Attention | Test of Everyday Attention: sky search. |
| Motor control | Bayley-III: fine motor. |
| Grooved peg board. | |
| Social cognition | |
| Theory of mind | Diverse desires. |
| Diverse beliefs. | |
| Understanding intentions. | |
| Perception-leads-to-knowledge. | |
| Location-change false belief. | |
| Unexpected contents false belief. | |
| Belief emotion. | |
| Hidden emotions. | |
| Emotion recognition | A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment (NEPSY-II): affect recognition. |
| Effortful control/emotion regulation | Snack delay. |
| Gift-in-bag. | |
| Whisper. | |
| Rydell’s emotion questionnaire. | |
| Social competence | |
| Affective arousal | Pupil dilation. |
| Attention allocation | Gaze fixation. |
| Empathy | Chicago empathy for pain task. |
| Questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. | |
| Prosocial behaviour | Dictator game. |
| Internalising and externalising behaviour | Child behaviour checklist. |
| Temperament/personality | |
| Temperament | Rothbart Infant and Early Child Behavior Questionnaire.* |
| Callous-unemotional traits | Callous unemotional screening device. |
References for the measures are given in the appendix.
*Very short forms.
DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; fMRI, functional MRI; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy.