Table 4.
Family risk and protective factors
| Variable | Mbekweni | TC Newman | Total | P values |
| Mean (SD) | ||||
| PAFAS Parenting | ||||
| Consistency | 7.95 (2.01) | 6.24 (2.92) | 7.17 (2.61) | <0.001 |
| Coercive parenting | 6.24 (3.38) | 5.19 (3.98) | 5.76 (3.70) | <0.001 |
| Encouragement | 1.23 (1.66) | 1.00 (1.50) | 1.13 (1.59) | 0.113 |
| Parent–child relationship | 0.63 (1.48) | 1.37 (1.76) | 0.97 (1.65) | <0.001 |
| PAFAS Family Adjustment | ||||
| Parental adjustment | 2.72 (2.67) | 2.36 (2.86) | 2.56 (2.76) | 0.025 |
| Family relationships | 1.46 (2.01) | 2.45 (2.85) | 1.91 (2.48) | <0.001 |
| Parental teamwork | 1.32 (1.67) | 1.93 (2.08) | 1.59 (1.89) | <0.001 |
| SECV Total | 21.27 (6.57) | 26.92 (7.46) | 23.84 (7.53) | <0.001 |
| CECV Total | 38.65 (3.88) | 40.13 (4.21) | 38.65 (3.88) | <0.001 |
Note: the questionnaires were administered at 2.5 years. Higher scores on the PAFAS indicate higher levels of dysfunction, that is, higher consistency scores indicate less consistent parenting and higher coercive parenting scores indicate more coercive parenting.
CECV, Child Exposure to Community Violence Checklist; PAFAS, Parenting and Family Adjustment Scale; SECV, Survey for Exposure to Community Violence.