Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of wounds by wound outcome
| One wound per participant (random) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not healed | Healed | All | ||
| Characteristics | (n = 68) | (n = 202) | (N = 270) | P value* |
| Time to wound outcome, days | 98 (82) | 84 (130) | 91 (121) | 0.89 |
| Sex, % | 0.22 | |||
| Female | 47.1 | 38.6 | 40.7 | |
| Male | 52.9 | 61.4 | 59.3 | |
| Age, years | 60.7 ± 12.4 | 57.4 ± 11.0 | 58.3 ± 11.4 | 0.04 |
| Race, %† | 0.14 | |||
| White/Caucasian | 43.3 | 30.2 | 33.4 | |
| Black | 53.7 | 66.8 | 63.6 | |
| Other | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
| BMI, kg/m2‡ | 29.6 (12.8) | 31.7 (10.5) | 31.1 (10.9) | 0.58 |
| Diabetes type, % | 0.89 | |||
| Type 1 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.6 | |
| Type 2 | 94.4 | 94.6 | 94.4 | |
| Diabetes duration, years | 15.2 (11.5) | 16.1 (14.2) | 15.7 (12.9) | 0.81 |
| Baseline A1C, % | 7.8 (3.6) | 8.3 (3.5) | 8.1 (3.5) | 0.79 |
| Nadir A1C, % | 7.0 (2.2) | 7.1 (2.2) | 7.1 (2.2) | 0.33 |
| Mean A1C, % | 7.5 (2.8) | 7.8 (2.8) | 7.7 (2.9) | 0.35 |
| Nadir A1C change from baseline | −0.5 (2.2) | −0.5 (1.5) | −0.5 (1.7) | 0.41 |
| Mean A1C change from baseline | −0.2 (1.2) | −0.2 (1.2) | −0.2 (1.2) | 0.26 |
| Target A1C, % | 0.48 | |||
| <7.0% | 32.3 | 37.1 | 35.9 | |
| 7.0–7.5% | 67.7 | 62.9 | 64.1 | |
| Observed-to-expected A1C per 90 days | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.55 |
| N (%) with ≥1 prospective A1C | 60 (88.2) | 174 (86.1) | 234 (86.7) | 0.66 |
| Antihyperglycemic medications, % | ||||
| Metformin | 25.0 | 39.6 | 35.9 | 0.03 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 2.9 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 0.34 |
| GLP-1 agonists | 2.9 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.26 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.44 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 0 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Sulfonylureas, % | 14.7 | 16.3 | 15.9 | 0.75 |
| Sulfonylurea types, % | 0.38 | |||
| Glyburide | 0 | 9.4 | 7.3 | |
| Glimepiride | 44.4 | 21.9 | 26.8 | |
| Glipizide | 55.6 | 68.8 | 65.9 | |
| Insulin, % | 75.0 | 63.9 | 66.7 | 0.09 |
| Total insulin dose (units/kg/day), % | 0.01 | |||
| 0.00 | 23.5 | 35.3 | 32.3 | |
| 0.07–0.23 | 5.9 | 8.4 | 7.8 | |
| 0.23–0.46 | 14.7 | 21.9 | 20.1 | |
| 0.46–0.82 | 22.1 | 19.4 | 20.1 | |
| 0.82–3.28 | 33.8 | 14.9 | 19.7 | |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 27.9 | 23.3 | 24.4 | 0.44 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 11.8 | 12.4 | 12.2 | 0.89 |
| PVD | 42.7 | 37.6 | 38.9 | 0.46 |
| Prior amputation | 27.9 | 32.2 | 31.1 | 0.51 |
| Hypertension | 80.9 | 83.2 | 82.6 | 0.67 |
| LOPS | 94.1 | 92.6 | 93.0 | 0.67 |
| Retinopathy | 30.9 | 23.3 | 25.2 | 0.21 |
| Dialysis | 16.2 | 9.1 | 11.1 | 0.12 |
| Prior kidney transplant | 13.2 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 0.19 |
| eGFR categories, %|| | 0.66 | |||
| G1–2 | 31.3 | 31.8 | 31.7 | |
| G3 | 28.1 | 34.1 | 32.5 | |
| G4 | 18.8 | 18.4 | 18.5 | |
| G5 | 21.9 | 15.6 | 17.3 | |
| Current smoker, % | 64.7 | 55.5 | 57.8 | 0.18 |
| WIfI stage, %¶ | 0.04 | |||
| 1 | 19.1 | 33.7 | 30.0 | |
| 2 | 17.7 | 15.4 | 15.9 | |
| 3 | 27.9 | 30.2 | 29.6 | |
| 4 | 35.3 | 20.8 | 24.4 | |
| Uninfected wounds at baseline (n = 128) | 0.95 | |||
| No antibiotics, n/N (%) | 22/28 (78.6) | 78/100 (78.0) | 100/128 (78.1) | |
| Antibiotic use, n/N (%) | 6/28 (21.4) | 22/100 (22.0) | 28/128 (21.9) | |
| Infected wounds at baseline (n = 142) | 0.37 | |||
| No antibiotics, n/N (%) | 0/40 (0) | 2/102 (1.9) | 2/142 (1.4) | |
| Antibiotic use, n/N (%) | 40/40 (100) | 100/102 (98.1) | 140/142 (98.6) | |
| Antibiotic use, % | 67.7 | 60.4 | 62.2 | 0.29 |
| Wound intervention, % | 0.66 | |||
| Wound care | 44.1 | 41.1 | 41.9 | |
| Surgery | 55.9 | 58.9 | 58.2 | |
Continuous data are shown as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) and categorical data as indicated.
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; n, number of wounds; SGLT-2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.
*P values were calculated using the Student t test for continuous variables with normal distribution and the Wilcoxon rank sum test for nonnormally distributed variables. Fisher exact test or χ2 tests were used for categorical variables. P values were not reported for “All wounds” because of lack of independence of characteristics for multiple wounds per participant. Bold values indicate P < 0.05.
†Race missing one observation in “Not healed” category.
‡BMI missing one observation in “Healed” category.
||eGFR categories were based on Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. Laboratory results were missing for 4 observations in the “Not healed” category and for 23 observations in the “Healed” category.
¶WIfI classification of the Society for Vascular Surgery.