Table 2.
Drivers of changes in diabetes spending, 1996–2013
| Total | By type of care |
By age (years) |
By sex |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharma | Ambulatory | Inpatient | Nursing facility | Emergency department | <20 | 20–44 | 45–64 | 65+ | Male | Female | ||
| 1996 spending (billion $) | 36.9 (32.3 to 41.6) | 13.9 (10.4 to 17.9) | 10.4 (8.2 to 12.8) | 4.7 (4.1 to 5.2) | 7.8 (7.1 to 8.4) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 4.2 (3.6 to 4.8) | 14.6 (12.4 to 16.9) | 17.2 (15.2 to 19.2) | 16.4 (13.5 to 19.8) | 20.5 (17.3 to 23.8) |
| 2013 spending (billion $) | 101.4 (96.7 to 106.5) | 58.4 (54.5 to 62.9) | 23.8 (22.0 to 26.0) | 9.6 (8.6 to 11.0) | 9.2 (8.1 to 10.3) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | 1.7 (1.4 to 1.9) | 11.3 (10.4 to 12.5) | 45.0 (42.3 to 47.6) | 43.4 (40.9 to 46.0) | 50.6 (47.0 to 54.6) | 50.8 (46.3 to 54.0) |
| Change in spending measured in billions of dollars (1996–2013) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 64.7 (58.0 to 71.0) | 44.5 (38.7 to 49.7) | 13.5 (10.6 to 16.3) | 4.9 (3.7 to 6.7) | 1.6 (0.7 to 2.5) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) | 7.0 (5.9 to 8.3) | 32.0 (28.6 to 35.4) | 24.9 (21.8 to 28.1) | 34.2 (29.3 to 38.9) | 30.5 (25.5 to 34.9) |
| Change in population size | 10.9 (10.1 to 11.6) | 5.4 (4.8 to 6.1) | 2.7 (2.5 to 3.0) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.1) | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.2) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 4.7 (4.3 to 5.1) | 4.8 (4.5 to 5.1) | 5.1 (4.6 to 5.6) | 5.8 (5.3 to 6.4) |
| Change in population age | 11.0 (10.1 to 11.9) | 5.9 (5.2 to 6.6) | 3.0 (2.7 to 3.4) | 0.9 (0.8 to 0.9) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.1 to −0.1) | −1.5 (−1.7 to −1.4) | 9.8 (8.9 to 10.6) | 2.9 (2.7 to 3.1) | 6.4 (5.7 to 7.1) | 4.6 (4.1 to 5.2) |
| Change in disease prevalence | 18.6 (16.6 to 20.7) | 8.8 (7.5 to 10.2) | 4.5 (3.8 to 5.2) | 2.0 (1.8 to 2.2) | 3.3 (3.0 to 3.8) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.1) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) | 2.3 (2.0 to 2.7) | 5.7 (5.0 to 6.5) | 10.4 (9.5 to 11.4) | 8.2 (7.2 to 9.3) | 10.4 (9.1 to 11.9) |
| Change in service utilization | −4.0 (−12.3 to 3.9) | 4.3 (−3.7 to 12.0) | 0.3 (−1.8 to 2.1) | −3.9 (−4.3 to −3.4) | −4.6 (−5.5 to −3.9) | −0.1 (−0.2 to 0.0) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 1.4 (0.4 to 2.5) | −1.6 (−5.9 to 2.3) | −3.8 (−7.4 to −0.4) | 2.6 (−3.1 to 7.7) | −6.6 (−12.7 to −0.7) |
| Change in spending per encounter | 28.2 (19.1 to 36.6) | 20.1 (12.2 to 27.5) | 3.0 (−0.8 to 6.2) | 4.8 (3.5 to 6.6) | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.0) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.5) | 3.6 (2.6 to 4.6) | 13.5 (8.9 to 17.7) | 10.7 (7.3 to 14.6) | 11.9 (5.2 to 17.8) | 16.3 (10.4 to 21.8) |
| Change in spending measured in % increase in dollars (1996–2013) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 175.1 (157.1 to 192.0) | 319.3 (278.2 to 357.1) | 129.5 (101.6 to 156.8) | 105.3 (79.3 to 144.4) | 20.8 (8.7 to 31.8) | 138.9 (89.4 to 207.1) | 78.6 (59.4 to 99.0) | 167.7 (141.7 to 197.6) | 218.9 (195.6 to 242.1) | 145.0 (126.5 to 163.3) | 207.8 (177.9 to 236.8) | 148.9 (124.5 to 170.4) |
| Change in population size | 29.5 (27.3 to 31.5) | 39.1 (34.3 to 43.6) | 26.2 (23.6 to 29.1) | 25.1 (23.7 to 26.6) | 19.2 (17.6 to 20.8) | 26.6 (21.0 to 32.6) | 20.2 (17.8 to 22.8) | 29.0 (26.7 to 31.6) | 32.1 (29.4 to 34.7) | 27.8 (26.0 to 29.7) | 31.0 (28.0 to 34.3) | 28.2 (25.7 to 31.1) |
| Change in population age | 29.8 (27.3 to 32.1) | 42.3 (37.1 to 47.2) | 29.0 (25.8 to 32.4) | 18.4 (17.3 to 19.5) | 15.6 (13.8 to 17.5) | 17.4 (10.9 to 23.5) | −10.7 (−12.2 to −9.3) | −36.4 (−39.6 to −33.3) | 66.7 (60.7 to 72.4) | 16.7 (15.5 to 18.1) | 38.9 (34.9 to 43.3) | 22.5 (20.1 to 25.3) |
| Change in disease prevalence | 50.3 (45.0 to 56.0) | 62.9 (53.5 to 72.9) | 42.8 (36.9 to 49.9) | 42.0 (37.5 to 46.6) | 42.9 (38.3 to 48.3) | 41.2 (31.4 to 52.2) | 22.9 (10.7 to 35.2) | 54.9 (46.9 to 64.1) | 38.8 (34.0 to 44.2) | 60.4 (55.4 to 66.1) | 49.8 (43.7 to 56.5) | 50.6 (44.4 to 57.8) |
| Change in service utilization | −10.8 (−33.4 to 10.7) | 31.0 (−26.5 to 86.2) | 2.6 (−17.2 to 20.2) | −82.6 (−91.9 to −72.9) | −59.1 (−71.0 to −50.3) | −70.2 (−121.8 to −27.7) | 6.1 (−14.1 to 24.2) | 33.3 (9.7 to 59.0) | −11.3 (−40.4 to 16.1) | −22.1 (−43.3 to −2.3) | 15.9 (−18.6 to 47.1) | −32.2 (−62.1 to −3.6) |
| Change in spending per encounter | 76.4 (51.7 to 99.0) | 144.0 (87.3 to 197.3) | 29.0 (−7.6 to 59.9) | 102.4 (75.8 to 141.3) | 2.3 (−11.5 to 13.4) | 123.9 (89.4 to 170.9) | 40.2 (25.7 to 56.8) | 86.9 (62.8 to 110.2) | 92.5 (60.8 to 120.8) | 62.1 (42.2 to 84.7) | 72.2 (31.6 to 108.3) | 79.7 (50.7 to 106.6) |
Pharma, prescribed retail pharmaceuticals.