Table 1.
GWAS characteristics by DKD phenotypes in subjects with T2D and T1D
| Analysis | Case definition | Control definition | Subjects with T2D |
Subjects with T1D |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case, n | Control, n | Case, n | Control, n | |||
| All DKD |
Microalbuminuria OR Late DKD OR ESRD |
Normoalbuminuria (AER <20 µg/min OR AER <30 mg/24 h OR ACR <2.5/3.5 mg/mmol for men/women) AND duration of T2D >10 years‡ |
3,345 |
2,372 |
2,563 |
2,593 |
| Microalbuminuria* |
At least 2 out of 3 consecutive measurements with AER ≥20 AND <200 µg/min OR AER ≥30 AND <300 mg/24 h OR ACR ≥2.5/3.5 AND <25/35 mg/mmol for men/women |
Normoalbuminuria AND duration of T2D >10 years‡ |
1,989 |
2,238† |
806 |
2,593 |
| Late DKD |
At least one measurement with AER ≥200 µg/min OR AER ≥300 mg/24 h OR ACR ≥25/35 mg/mmol for men/women OR ESRD (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 OR kidney transplantation OR dialysis) |
Normoalbuminuria AND duration of T2D >10 years‡ |
1,339 |
2,372 |
1,757 |
2,593 |
| ESRD vs. control subjects |
ESRD: eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 OR renal dialysis OR kidney transplant |
No DKD AND duration of T2D >10 years‡ |
371 |
2,076 |
813 |
2,398 |
| ESRD vs. no ESRD |
ESRD (see above) |
No ESRD AND duration of T2D >10 years‡ |
371 |
4,471 |
813 |
3,995 |
| CKD |
eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
No CKD AND duration of T2D >10 years‡ |
3,094 |
2,906 |
2,460 |
774 |
| CKD and DKD |
eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 AND all DKD |
No CKD AND no ESRD AND normoalbuminuria AND duration of T2D >10 years‡ |
897 |
1,610 |
1,750 |
1,385 |
| eGFR | 32,788 × serum creatinine (μmol/L)−1.154 × age−0.203 × [0.742 if female] (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 9,197 | 3,961 | |||
*Equivalent to the early DKD phenotype from Sandholm et al. (17).
†Not all studies were able to define microalbuminuria (due to limited information on microalbuminuric status) and thus the case and control group number is smaller than all DKD and late DKD.
‡The duration of diabetes for subjects with T1D was >15 years.