Table 3. Complete and refined structural models tested in Brazilian and Portuguese students of both sexes.
| Complete | Refined | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Independent variable → Dependent variable | β | βs | SE | p | β | βs | SE | p |
| Female | Body Shape Concern (BSQ-8B) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.237 | -.284 | .034 | < .001* | -.120 | -.151 | .027 | < .001* |
| Cognitive Restriction (TFEQ-18) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .044 | .049 | .036 | .175 | - | - | - | - | |
| Emotional Eating (TFEQ-18) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.071 | -.084 | .038 | .028* | -.100 | -.126 | .031 | < .001* | |
| Uncontrolled Eating (TFEQ-18) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.043 | -.042 | .038 | .275 | - | - | - | - | |
| Expected Outcomes (PHCS-B) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .132 | .118 | .083 | .158 | - | - | - | - | |
| Competence in Behaviors (PHCS-B) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .545 | .526 | .084 | < .001* | .454 | .465 | .026 | < .001* | |
| Course shift → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .154 | .100 | .029 | .001* | .190 | .128 | .028 | < .001* | |
| Housing → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.076 | -.038 | .026 | .155 | - | - | - | - | |
| Initial expectations in the course → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .067 | .095 | .027 | < .001* | .065 | .095 | .027 | .001* | |
| Self-reported performance in the course → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .241 | .228 | .026 | < .001* | .240 | .234 | .026 | < .001* | |
| Thinking about giving up the course → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.285 | -.226 | .027 | < .001* | -.284 | -.232 | .027 | < .001* | |
| Labor activity → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.078 | -.053 | .030 | .077 | - | - | - | - | |
| Medications use due to the studies → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.180 | -.135 | .026 | < .001* | -.178 | -.138 | .027 | < .001* | |
| Economic class → Quality of Life (WHOQOL-bref) | .031 | .038 | .026 | .136 | - | - | - | - | |
| Age → Body Shape Concern (BSQ-8B) | -.028 | -.090 | .030 | .003* | -.025 | -.079 | .028 | .005* | |
| Medications use for body change → Body Shape Concern (BSQ-8B) | .368 | .165 | .029 | < .001* | .374 | .164 | .028 | < .001* | |
| Food supplements use for body change → Body Shape Concern (BSQ-8B) | .177 | .088 | .028 | .002* | .174 | .085 | .027 | .002 | |
| Body mass index → Body Shape Concern (BSQ-8B) | .085 | .400 | .022 | < .001* | .088 | .408 | .021 | < .001* | |
| r2 = .584, χ2/df = 3.206, RMSEA = .040 [CI 90% .039-.041], CFI = .899, TLI = .894 | r2 = .539, χ2/df = 3.508, RMSEA = .042 [CI 90% .041-.044], CFI = .933, TLI = .929 | ||||||||
| Male | Musculature (MBDS-R) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .006 | .010 | .048 | .831 | - | - | - | - |
| General Body Appearance (MBDS-R) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.139 | -.162 | .047 | .001* | -.105 | -.118 | .034 | < .001* | |
| Cognitive Restriction (TFEQ-18) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.079 | -.105 | .040 | .009* | -.101 | -.128 | .039 | .001 | |
| Emotional Eating (TFEQ-18) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.071 | -.093 | .058 | .112 | - | - | - | - | |
| Uncontrolled Eating (TFEQ-18) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .045 | .047 | .053 | .370 | - | - | - | - | |
| Expected Outcomes (PHCS-B) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.068 | -.087 | .067 | .198 | - | - | - | - | |
| Competence in Behaviors (PHCS-B) → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .367 | .448 | .066 | < .001* | .426 | .526 | .031 | < .001* | |
| Course shift → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .175 | .134 | .039 | .001* | .185 | .138 | .035 | < .001* | |
| Housing → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.042 | -.024 | .037 | .512 | - | - | - | - | |
| Initial expectations in the course → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .101 | .158 | .036 | < .001* | .109 | .165 | .036 | < .001* | |
| Self-reported performance in the course → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .111 | .138 | .035 | < .001* | .111 | .134 | .035 | < .001* | |
| Thinking about giving up the course → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.197 | -.166 | .036 | < .001* | -.203 | -.167 | .036 | < .001* | |
| Labor activity → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .010 | .008 | .040 | .850 | - | - | - | - | |
| Medications use due to the studies → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | -.302 | -.197 | .035 | < .001* | -.324 | -.206 | .035 | < .001* | |
| Economic class → Quality of Life (WHOQoL-bref) | .034 | .047 | .036 | .194 | - | - | - | - | |
| Age → Musculature (MBDS-R) | -.017 | -.059 | .040 | .140 | - | - | - | - | |
| Medications use for body change → Musculature (MBDS-R) | .130 | .048 | .039 | .218 | - | - | - | - | |
| Food supplements use for body change → Musculature (MBDS-R) | .600 | .285 | .038 | < .001* | - | - | - | - | |
| Body Mass Index → Musculature (MBDS-R) | -.012 | -.047 | .040 | .238 | - | - | - | - | |
| Age → General Body Appearance (MBDS-R) | -.015 | -.075 | .045 | .096 | - | - | - | - | |
| Medications use for body change → General Body Appearance (MBDS-R) | .033 | .017 | .042 | .690 | - | - | - | - | |
| Food supplements use for body change → General Body Appearance (MBDS-R) | .171 | .113 | .044 | .010* | .181 | .121 | .038 | .001* | |
| Body mass index → General Body Appearance (MBDS-R) | .018 | .104 | .038 | .007* | .016 | .093 | .037 | .012* | |
| r2 = .529, χ2/df = 1.822, RMSEA = .032 [CI 90% .030-.034], CFI = .906, TLI = .902 | r2 = .491, χ2/df = 2.359, RMSEA = .041 [CI 90% .039-.044], CFI = .920, TLI = .914 | ||||||||
Note. The arrows refer to the direction of the paths that were used to build the model. We used adapted versions of instruments (cf. Instruments section). BSQ-8B = Body Shape Questionnaire (reduced version), MBDS-R = Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale (reduced version), PHCS = Perceived Health Competence Scale (bifactorial version), TFEQ-18 = Three-factor Eating Questionnaire (reduced version), WHOQoL-bref = World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form (refined version), β = estimate, βs = standardized estimate, SE = standard error, r2 = coefficient of determination, χ2/df = chi-square by degrees of freedom. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [CI = confidence interval of 90%], CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index.
*p < .05