Table 1. Variables, indicators, definitions and data sources.
| Indicators | Definition | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Consumption of Antibacterials for Systemic Use (ACT group J01) in primary care sector | DDD per 1000 inhabitants and per day | ECDC 2017 |
| 2 | Consumption of Antibacterials for Systemic Use (ACT group J01) hospital sector | DDDα per 1000 inhabitants and per day in | ECDC 2017 |
| 3 | Gini Coefficient of equivalised disposable income | Gini coefficientβ (scale 0 to 100) | EUROSTAT 2017 |
| 4 | Income of householdsγ –Disposable income | Euro per inhabitant | EUROSTAT 2017 |
| 5 | Educational attainment levelδ (0–2)—population 25–64 years | Less than primary, primary and lower secondary education (%) | EUROSTAT 2017 |
| 6 | Educational attainment levelδ (3 and 4)—population 25–64 years | Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (%) | EUROSTAT 2017 |
| 7 | Educational attainment levelδ (5–8)—population 25–64 years | Tertiary education (%) | EUROSTAT 2017 |
| 8 | Unemployment | Total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) | GLOBAL ECONOMIC MONITOR 2017 |
| 9 | Physicians—under 35 years old | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
| 10 | Physicians—35–44 years old | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
| 11 | Physicians—45–54 years old | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
| 12 | Physicians—55–64 years old | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
| 13 | Physicians—65–74 years old | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
| 14 | Physicians—Generalist medical practitioners | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
| 15 | Physicians—Specialist medical practitioners | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
| 16 | Physicians—Medical doctors not further defined | % of total physicians (head counts) | OECD 2017 |
Abbreviations: OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; ECDC, European Center of Disease and Control; DDD, Defined Daily Dose.
α: The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. This indicator is used to assess antibiotic use in the hospital sector and the community and it is an internationally accepted parameter for making comparisons between countries
β: Gini Coefficient: the Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of income within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. The perfect equality is expressed with 0 and full inequality is expressed with 100.
γ: total disposable income of a household is calculated by adding together the personal income received by all of household members plus income received at household level; that includes: all income from work (employee wages and self-employment earnings); private income from investment and property; transfers between households; all social transfers received in cash including old-age pensions.
δ: the level of educational attainment is defined according to the International standard classification of education (ISCED). The educational attainment level of an individual is the highest ISCED level successfully completed. Educational attainment levels are usually presented for three main categories: i) less than primary, primary and lower secondary education (ISCED 2011 levels 0–2); ii) upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED 2011 levels 3 and 4); iii) tertiary education (ISCED 2011 levels 5–8).