Table 2. Results of the regression analysis.

	Antibiotic consumption	Antibiotic consumption
Regressor	in the community	in the hospital sector
	DDD per 1000	DDD per 1000
	inhabitants and per day	inhabitants and per day
Gini index (%)	–0.05	<0.01
	(0.10)	(0.03)
Time effect	2.27	0.93
	(0.006)	(0.528)
R2	0.931	0.745
Countries	22	16
Average obs. per country	12.5	11.1
Mean income of households (€ in thousands)	–0.21	–0.04
	(0.19)	(0.05)
Time effect	1.78	0.66
	(0.044)	(0.805)
R2	0.924	0.672
Countries	20	15
Average obs. per country	12.3	10.9
Educational attainment level (%), 25–64 years,	0.07	–0.02
Upper secondary to Tertiary education (levels 3–8)	(0.08)	0.01
Time effect	1.43	0.68
	(0.138)	(0.791)
R2	0.925	0.673
Countries	22	16
Average obs. per country	14.1	12.5
Unemployment, % of female labor force	–0.05	0.01
	(0.10)	(0.02)
Time effect	2.15	0.91
	(0.001)	(0.549)
R2	0.924	0.664
Countries	22	16
Average obs. per country	14.3	12.5
Total physicians 35–44 years old (% of total physicians)	<0.01	0.08*
	(0.21)	(0.03)
Total physicians 45–54 years old (% of total physicians)	0.13	–0.10*
	(0.18)	(0.05)
Total physicians 55–64 years old (% of total physicians)	0.03	–0.01
	(0.17)	(0.02)
Total physicians 65–74 years old (% of total physicians)	–0.14	–0.05
	(0.25)	(0.05)
Time effect	2.33	2.15
	(0.005)	(0.013)
R2	0.934	0.779
Countries	21	15
Average obs. per country	12.8	10.9
Generalist medical practitioners (% of total physicians)	–0.07	–0.04*
	(0.11)	(0.01)
Specialist medical practitioners (% of total physicians)	0.01	–0.01
	(0.09)	(0.01)
Time effect	2.33	1.49
	(0.005)	(0.125)
R2	0.943	0.796
Countries	22	16
Average obs. per country	10.8	9.4

Notes: Robust standard errors are given in parentheses under the coefficients, and p-values are given in parentheses under the F-statistics of time effect.

The individual coefficient with an asterisk (*) is significant at the 5% level.