Adjusted associations between performance-based physical functioning and quartiles of residential air pollution exposure from linear mixed model analyses with p-values of F-tests for equality of means and trend tests using quartile midpoints ( participants, observations). Models were adjusted for age, sex, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, depression, physical activity, area-level socioeconomic status defined as the status score of the four-digit postal code area, and cross-products of time since baseline with education, alcohol consumption, and depression. Associations are presented as mean difference in physical performance score in the different quartiles as compared with the 1st quartile with 95% confidence intervals and were derived from models with exposure and exposure–time since baseline interaction.