Table 3.

Associations between physical performance (performance-based and self-reported) and residential air pollution exposure from linear mixed model analyses for an interquartile range increase in exposure.

Pollutant	Increment	Model 1a		Model 2a		Model 3a
		Mean difference	(95% CI)	Mean difference	(95% CI)	Mean difference	(95% CI)
Performance-basedb
${\text{NO}}_2$	$8.9{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	$-0.32$	($-0.51$, $-0.14$)	$-0.31$	($-0.49$, $-0.13$)	$-0.22$	($-0.42$, $-0.03$)
${\text{NO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$	$13.5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	$-0.30$	($-0.46$, $-0.14$)	$-0.27$	($-0.43$, $-0.12$)	$-0.20$	($-0.36$, $-0.04$)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ abs	0.31 ${10}^{-5}/\mathrm{m}$	$-0.21$	($-0.39$, $-0.04$)	$-0.21$	($-0.37$, $-0.04$)	$-0.13$	($-0.30$, 0.05)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	$1.4{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.09	($-0.15$, 0.33)	0.12	($-0.11$, 0.35)	0.16	($-0.08$, 0.39)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$	$1.5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	$-0.28$	($-0.42$, $-0.14$)	$-0.28$	($-0.42$, $-0.15$)	$-0.22$	($-0.37$, $-0.08$)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$	$0.8{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	$-0.27$	($-0.39$, $-0.14$)	$-0.25$	($-0.37$, $-0.13$)	$-0.19$	($-0.32$, $-0.06$)
Self-reportedc
${\text{NO}}_2$	$8.9{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.03	($-0.24$, 0.30)	0.10	($-0.16$, 0.35)	0.21	($-0.07$, 0.49)
${\text{NO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$	$13.5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.04	($-0.19$, 0.27)	0.13	($-0.08$, 0.35)	0.23	($-0.00$, 0.47)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ abs	0.31 ${10}^{-5}/\mathrm{m}$	$-0.02$	($-0.27$, 0.22)	0.03	($-0.20$, 0.27)	0.10	($-0.15$, 0.35)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	$1.4{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	$-0.17$	($-0.52$, 0.18)	$-0.13$	($-0.45$, 0.20)	$-0.11$	($-0.44$, 0.22)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$	$1.5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.03	($-0.17$, 0.23)	0.08	($-0.11$, 0.27)	0.16	($-0.05$, 0.37)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$	$0.8{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.00	($-0.18$, 0.18)	0.09	($-0.08$, 0.26)	0.19	($-0.00$, 0.37)

Note: Associations are presented as mean differences in physical performance score with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for an interquartile range increase in air pollution exposure and were derived from models with exposure and exposure–time since baseline interaction.

^aModel 1: Adjusted for age and sex; Model 2. as in Model 1, also adjusted for education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, depression, physical activity, and cross-products of time since baseline with education, alcohol consumption and depression; Model 3: as in Model 2, also adjusted for area-level socioeconomic status defined as the status score of the four-digit postal code area.

^b$N=\mathrm{1,695}$ participants, $n=\mathrm{4,105}$ observations.

^c$N=\mathrm{1,758}$ participants, $n=\mathrm{4,405}$ observations.