Table 3.

Associations between long-term exposure to ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ and blood pressure in Taiwanese adults at baseline.

${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ ($n=\mathrm{361,560}$)								Crude model									Adjusted Model 1	Adjusted Model 2	Adjusted Model 3
	Coefficient (95% CI)	p-Value	Coefficient (95% CI)	p-Value	Coefficient (95% CI)	p-Value	Coefficient (95% CI)	p-Value
Systolic blood pressure
1st Quartile	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
2nd Quartile	$-0.14$ ($-0.30$, 0.02)	0.09	0.46 (0.32, 0.60)	$<0.001$	0.46 (0.32, 0.61)	$<0.001$	0.49 (0.38, 0.60)	$<0.001$
3rd Quartile	0.28 (0.11, 0.44)	0.001	0.89 (0.75,1.04)	$<0.001$	0.90 (0.76, 1.05)	$<0.001$	0.90 (0.79, 1.02)	$<0.001$
4th Quartile	1.44 (1.28, 1.60)	$<0.001$	1.01 (0.86, 1.15)	$<0.001$	0.91 (0.77, 1.05)	$<0.001$	0.85 (0.74, 0.97)	$<0.001$
Trend test	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$
$10{-\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increment	0.75 (0.68, 0.83)	$<0.001$	0.52 (0.45, 0.58)	$<0.001$	0.47 (0.40, 0.53)	$<0.001$	0.45 (0.40, 0.50)	$<0.001$
Diastolic blood pressure
1st Quartile	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
2nd Quartile	$-0.82$ ($-0.92$, $-0.71$)	$<0.001$	$-0.58$ ($-0.67$, $-0.48$)	$<0.001$	$-0.57$ ($-0.66$, $-0.48$)	$<0.001$	$-0.55$ ($-0.63$, $-0.47$)	$<0.001$
3rd Quartile	$-0.70$ ($-0.81$, $-0.60$)	$<0.001$	$-0.44$ ($-0.53$, $-0.34$)	$<0.001$	$-0.42$ ($-0.52$, $-0.33$)	$<0.001$	$-0.42$ ($-0.50$, $-0.34$)	$<0.001$
4th Quartile	0.45 (0.35, 0.56)	$<0.001$	0.25 (0.15, 0.34)	$<0.001$	0.20 (0.11, 0.30)	$<0.001$	0.17 (0.09, 0.24)	$<0.001$
Trend test	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$
$10{-\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increment	0.21 (0.16, 0.26)	$<0.001$	0.11 (0.06, 0.15)	$<0.001$	0.08 (0.04, 0.13)	$<0.001$	0.07 (0.04, 0.11)	$<0.001$
Pulse pressure
1st Quartile	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
2nd Quartile	0.67 (0.57, 0.78)	$<0.001$	1.04 (0.94, 1.14)	$<0.001$	1.03 (0.93, 1.14)	$<0.001$	1.04 (0.95, 1.14)	$<0.001$
3rd Quartile	0.98 (0.87, 1.09)	$<0.001$	1.33 (1.23, 1.43)	$<0.001$	1.33 (1.22, 1.43)	$<0.001$	1.33 (1.23, 1.42)	$<0.001$
4th Quartile	0.99 (0.88, 1.10)	$<0.001$	0.76 (0.66, 0.86)	$<0.001$	0.71 (0.61, 0.81)	$<0.001$	0.69 (0.59, 0.78)	$<0.001$
Trend test	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$	—	$<0.001$
$10{-\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increment	0.54 (0.49, 0.59)	$<0.001$	0.41(0.36, 0.46)	$<0.001$	0.38 (0.34, 0.43)	$<0.001$	0.38 (0.33, 0.42)	$<0.001$

Note: Crude Model: no adjustment; Adjusted Model 1: adjusted by age, sex and education level; Adjusted Model 2: also adjusted by smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, occupational exposure to dust/organic solvents and season; Adjusted Model 3: also adjusted by body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease/stroke, and cancer. CI, confidence interval; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $<2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$.