Table 3.

Results from cohort-specific and meta-analyses of cadmium-associated DNA methylation, for probes with meta-analysis $p\text{-values}<1\times {10}^{-5}$; adjusted for maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, fetal sex, and estimated tissue heterogeneity.

CpG annotations					Meta-analysis			NHBCS ($n=343$)		RICHS ($n=141$)
CpG ID	Ch.	Genomic position	Gene	Regulatory feature	${\mathrm{\beta }}_1$	p-Value	FDR	${\mathrm{\beta }}_1$	p-Value	${\mathrm{\beta }}_1$	p-Value
cg16034168a	1	6336711	ACOT7	Body	0.32	$2.80\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}6}$	0.171	0.32	$3.11\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}4}$	0.32	$2.78\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}$
cg24000528	2	177013630	MIR10B	TSS1500	0.16	$7.59\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}6}$	0.182	0.18	$1.52\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}3}$	0.16	$1.50\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}$
cg24696183	11	2891360	KCNQ1DN	Body	$\mathrm{-}0.16$	$4.31\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}6}$	0.171	$\mathrm{-}0.20$	$5.67\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}4}$	$\mathrm{-}0.14$	$1.71\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}$
cg23193177	11	45717613	-	-	0.24	$4.68\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}6}$	0.171	0.22	$4.94\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}4}$	0.27	$2.70\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}$
cg15345741a	14	103674333	-	-	0.25	$1.49\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}7}$	0.04	0.25	$9.69\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$	0.24	$4.22\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}$
cg06100161	15	60987894	RORA	Body	0.20	$1.97\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}6}$	0.171	0.12	$6.28\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}2}$	0.28	$1.99\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$
cg03917020	16	85285139	-	-	0.14	$5.52\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}6}$	0.174	0.13	$3.62\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}4}$	0.14	$4.85\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}3}$
cg02600679	16	88832700	PIEZO1	Body	0.25	$4.92\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.171	0.17	$2.55\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}2}$	0.34	$2.02\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$
cg04267691	17	9862752	GAS7	Body; 5'UTR	0.18	$6.98\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.178	0.12	$3.09\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}2}$	0.24	$2.57\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$
cg10517535	17	9929698	GAS7	Body; TSS200	0.31	$6.46\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.177	0.16	$6.97\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}2}$	0.59	$3.08\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}7}$
cg03762242a	17	9940004	GAS7	Body; 5'UTR	0.23	$3.33\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.171	0.20	$2.08\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}3}$	0.26	$4.12\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}4}$
cg16768966a	17	9940227	GAS7	Body; TSS200	0.31	$1.92\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.171	0.23	$7.31\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}3}$	0.42	$3.12\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$
cg10618704	17	9940970	GAS7	TSS1500; Body	0.36	$5.91\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.174	0.24	$2.03\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}2}$	0.54	$1.65\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$
cg11851174	17	17712609	RAI1	Body	0.19	$3.69\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.171	0.20	$1.07\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}4}$	0.18	$1.10\times {10}^{\mathrm{-2}}$
cg19944656	17	76876040	TIMP2	Body	0.18	$2.62\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.171	0.17	$8.06\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$	0.18	$9.82\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}$
cg11707084a	19	48345263	CRX	3'UTR	0.22	$2.09\times {10}^{\mathrm{-7}}$	0.04	0.23	$3.10\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$	0.22	$1.93\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}$
cg03566291	21	44831040	-	-	0.23	$9.46\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}$	0.201	0.21	$9.57\times {10}^{\mathrm{-}4}$	0.29	$2.38\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}$

Note: Ch., chromosome; CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine methylation site; FDR, false discovery rate adjusted p-value; NHBCS, New Hampshire Birth Cohort; RICHS, Rhode Island Child Health Study; TSS200, within 200 bp of the transcriptions start site; TSS1500, within 1500 bp of the transcription start site; UTR, untranslated region.

^aCpG Sites that yielded meta-analysis $p\text{-values}<1\times {10}^{-5}$ in models before and after heterogeneity adjustments.