Table 1.

Coding Book

Themes	Patterns
Category I: Historical Trauma
Indigenous concepts
Sense of loss	boarding school, broken families, loss of language, loss of traditions, removal from family, removal from land, yearning
Adversities	alcoholism/drugs, discrimination, generational gap, ill health, living conditions, loss of family member, lost voice, violence
Category II: Resilience
Indigenous concepts
Individual	know roots, participation, practicing spirituality, responsibility, strength, volunteerism
Family	family members as role models, growing up, positive family relations, safe environment for kids, teaching children
Community	culture/traditions/language, economic development, other community resources, sharing stories, sovereignty, spirituality, TIC, traditional land use
Youth	activities, education, get elders and youth together, know roots/know history