Table 3.

Score features with associated odds ratios (OR) of risk scores developed to predict treatment failure among children less than five years of age diagnosed with pneumonia.

Score	APPIS¶			Malawi-CHW§
		OR	(95% CI)		OR	(95% CI)
Feature	Age <6 months	4.6	(3.0–7.3)	Age 2–5 months	1.1	(0.5–2.1)
	Age 6–11 months	2.1	(1.3–3.5)	Age 6–11 months	0.7	(0.4–1.4)
	Excess age-specific RR at baseline	1.1	(1.0–1.1)	Very fast respiratory rate*	1.0	(0.5–2.1)
	Excess age-specific RR at 24th hour of hospitalization	1.2	(1.1–1.3)	Concurrent malaria diagnosis	1.6	(1.1–2.5)
				Moderate malnutrition (MUAC <13.5cm)	1.9	(1.1–3.3)
				SpO2 90–94%	1.6	(0.9–2.7)
				Fever >38*C	0.6	(0.3–1.1)
				One to two doses pentavalent vaccine	0.3	(0.0–4.1)
				Three doses pentavalent vaccine	1.2	(0.3–4.3)
				One to two doses PCV13	1.9	(0.3–13.1)
				Three doses PCV13	1.3	(0.6–2.9)

^¶APPIS model was used to develop a nomogram for clinical use.

^§Malawi-CHW model was used to calculate probability of treatment failure.

^*Very fast respiratory rate defined as ≥70 breaths/min for infants aged 2–11 months or ≥60 breaths/min in children aged 12–59 months

95% CI – 95% confidence interval; MUAC- mid-upper arm circumference; OR- odds ratio; PCV13- 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; RR- respiratory rate; SpO₂– oxygen saturation