Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Patients with Schizophrenia
| Insulin Concentration Quartilea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Characteristic | Q1 (n=25) |
Q2 (n=22) |
Q3 (n=25) |
Q4 (n=22) |
p Valueb |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 (23.2-29) |
30.4 (26.2-31.2) |
33.8 (28.0-37.9) |
38.9 (34.3-41.6) |
<0.001 |
| Age (yrs) | 45.0 (34.5-50.5) |
46.5 (41.0-50.5) |
49.0 (42-53) |
47.5 (40.8-53) |
0.486 |
| Metabolic syndrome diagnosis | 6 (24.0) | 13 (59.1) | 14 (56.0) | 19 (86.4) | 0.002 |
| Use of antidiabetic medication | 3 (12.0) | 5 (22.7) | 2 (8.0) | 4 (18.2) | 0.502 |
| Female sex | 11 (44.0) | 8 (36.4) | 12 (48.0) | 9 (40.9) | 0.875 |
| Average daily calorie intake (kcal) (mean ± SD) | 1986.0 ± 652.3 | 1873.2 ± 563.9 | 1882.3 ± 628.2 | 1933.5 ± 499.5 | 0.890 |
| Caucasian race | 16 (64.0) | 15 (68.2) | 14 (56.0) | 13 (59.1) | 0.837 |
| Smoker | 15 (60.0) | 12 (54.6) | 9 (36.0) | 11 (50.0) | 0.370 |
| Log-transformed fasting insulin concentration | 0.973 (0.922-1.002) |
1.169 (1.136-1.197) |
1.316 (1.272-1.369) |
1.552 (1.485-1.674) |
<0.001 |
| Time since schizophrenia diagnosis (yrs) | 17.0 (9.0-30.5) |
20.0 (14.3-27.8) |
26.0 (15.5-32.5) |
16.0 (9.5-21.8) |
0.342 |
| Daily exposure to AAPs in chlorpromazine equivalents (mg) | 516.0 (247.2-795.8) |
456.6 (334.7-669.6) |
692.1 (379.5-1069.0) |
516.8 (352.0-639.4) |
0.092 |
| AAP Risk Groupc | |||||
| High | 6 (24.0) | 11 (50.0) | 11 (44.0) | 7 (31.8) | |
| Moderate | 16 (64.0) | 7 (31.8) | 10 (40.0) | 12 (54.6) | 0.420 |
| Low | 3 (12.0) | 4 (18.2) | 4 (16.0) | 3 (13.6) | |
| Antipsychotic polypharmacyd | 8 (32.0) | 2 (9.1) | 10 (40.0) | 6 (27.3) | 0.115 |
Data are median (interquartile range) or no. (%) of patients unless otherwise specified.
BMI = body mass index; AAP = atypical antipsychotic.
Insulin concentration quartiles were based on log-transformed fasting insulin values, with Q1 corresponding to the lowest quartile and Q4 corresponding to the highest quartile.
χ2 or analysis of variance p value as appropriate.
AAP risk groups were defined as follows: high = olanzapine or clozapine; moderate = risperidone, quetiapine, paliperidone, or iloperidone; low = aripiprazole, lurasidone, or ziprasidone.
Antipsychotic polypharmacy was defined as use of 2-3 total antipsychotics, including first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic medications.