Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction on and not on beta-blockers*.
| All | MI (−) | MI ( + ) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (−) | β (+) | P value | β (−) | β (+) | P value | β (−) | β (+) | P value | |
| n = 760 | n = 2,657 | n = 602 | n = 1,928 | n = 158 | n = 729 | ||||
| Age (years) | 69.5 (9.8) | 68.3 (9.5) | 0.002 | 69.6 (9.9) | 68.6 (9.6) | 0.02 | 69.1 (9.2) | 67.5 (9.3) | 0.05 |
| Female sex (%) | 54.9 | 50.7 | 0.04 | 58.5 | 56.2 | 0.24 | 41.1 | 36.1 | 0.23 |
| Race and ethnicity (%) | |||||||||
| White | 90.0 | 88.5 | 0.23 | 88.0 | 86.8 | 0.43 | 97.5 | 92.7 | 0.02 |
| Black | 7.6 | 8.9 | 0.26 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 0.36 | 1.9 | 4.9 | 0.09 |
| Asian | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.12 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.06 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.94 |
| Others | 1.5 | 2.2 | 0.20 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 0.42 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.10 |
| Smoking status (%) | |||||||||
| Never | 53.9 | 52.4 | 0.46 | 56.5 | 56.6 | 0.96 | 44.3 | 41.4 | 0.50 |
| Former | 35.3 | 37.3 | 0.31 | 34.0 | 35.0 | 0.66 | 39.9 | 43.2 | 0.44 |
| Current | 10.8 | 10.3 | 0.70 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 0.41 | 15.8 | 15.4 | 0.88 |
| Alcohol drinks/week (%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 76.7 | 78.3 | 0.34 | 77.9 | 77.7 | 0.91 | 72.2 | 80.0 | 0.03 |
| 1–5 | 17.3 | 16.8 | 0.77 | 16.5 | 17.5 | 0.53 | 20.2 | 14.8 | 0.08 |
| 6–10 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 0.01 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 0.04 | 6.3 | 3.7 | 0.13 |
| 11– | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.14 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.12 | 1.3 | 1.5 | |
| NYHA functional classification (%) | |||||||||
| I/II | 68.6 | 66.6 | 0.30 | 69.6 | 67.7 | 0.37 | 64.6 | 63.7 | 0.82 |
| III/IV | 31.4 | 33.4 | 30.4 | 32.3 | 35.4 | 36.4 | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)† | 31.8 (7.4) | 32.1 (7.0) | 0.34 | 32.1 (7.7) | 32.3 (7.2) | 0.56 | 30.7 (5.9) | 31.5 (6.3) | 0.14 |
| Diabetes (%) | 29.7 | 33.2 | 0.07 | 29.4 | 31.5 | 0.33 | 31.0 | 37.6 | 0.12 |
| Hypertension (%) | 88.6 | 92.3 | 0.001 | 88.7 | 91.7 | 0.02 | 88.0 | 94.0 | 0.008 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 53.4 | 62.1 | <0.001 | 49.0 | 56.2 | 0.002 | 70.3 | 77.9 | 0.03 |
| History of cardiovascular events (%) | |||||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 20.8 | 27.4 | <0.001 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Angina pectoris | 48.3 | 42.8 | 0.008 | 34.1 | 39.0 | 0.03 | 76.0 | 72.8 | 0.42 |
| Stroke | 8.4 | 7.5 | 0.41 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 0.42 | 13.9 | 11.4 | 0.37 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 9.2 | 9.2 | 0.99 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 0.97 | 17.1 | 14.8 | 0.47 |
| Hospitalization for heart failure | 71.2 | 72.8 | 0.39 | 69.8 | 73.2 | 0.09 | 76.6 | 71.5 | 0.19 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 37.5 | 34.6 | 0.14 | 37.5 | 37.8 | 0.90 | 37.3 | 26.2 | 0.005 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 10.4 | 15.8 | <0.001 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 0.05 | 28.5 | 36.2 | 0.06 |
| CABG surgery | 7.5 | 14.3 | <0.001 | 4.5 | 8.7 | 0.001 | 19.0 | 29.1 | 0.01 |
| Implanted cardioverter defibrillator | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.08 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.19 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 0.35 |
| Pacemaker | 8.3 | 7.6 | 0.55 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 0.61 | 8.9 | 8.0 | 0.70 |
| COPD (%) | 15.7 | 10.4 | <0.001 | 15.0 | 10.0 | 0.001 | 18.4 | 11.7 | 0.02 |
| Asthma (%) | 9.3 | 5.6 | <0.001 | 9.6 | 5.7 | 0.001 | 8.2 | 5.5 | 0.18 |
| Medications (%) | |||||||||
| ACE-I/ARB | 84.7 | 84.1 | 0.66 | 84.9 | 83.5 | 0.40 | 84.2 | 85.7 | 0.61 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 50.8 | 33.8 | <0.001 | 51.2 | 34.2 | <0.001 | 49.4 | 32.8 | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 79.3 | 82.5 | 0.05 | 81.9 | 85.5 | 0.03 | 69.6 | 74.5 | 0.20 |
| Aspirin | 58.2 | 67.6 | <0.001 | 53.5 | 62.0 | <0.001 | 76.0 | 82.3 | 0.06 |
| Statin | 38.4 | 56.3 | <0.001 | 34.1 | 49.6 | <0.001 | 55.1 | 73.9 | <0.001 |
| Randomization arm | |||||||||
| Spironolactone (%) | 49.0 | 50.4 | 0.49 | 49.0 | 50.5 | 0.51 | 48.7 | 49.9 | 0.78 |
| Estimated GFR(mL/min/1.73 m2) | 68.5 (19.9) | 67.4 (20.1) | 0.19 | 69.9 (20.4) | 67.2 (19.9) | 0.08 | 67.0 (17.9) | 67.9 (20.7) | 0.61 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.5 (13.2) | 129.1 (14.1) | 0.49 | 129.9 (13.5) | 129.9 (14.1) | 0.89 | 128.0 (11.9) | 127.3 (13.8) | 0.54 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.5 (10.4) | 75.6 (10.7) | 0.05 | 76.7 (10.4) | 76.0 (10.9) | 0.18 | 75.8 (10.3) | 74.6 (10.1) | 0.20 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 69.4 (10.6) | 69.0 (10.3) | 0.28 | 70.0 (10.5) | 69.7 (10.6) | 0.55 | 67.3 (10.9) | 67.0 (9.4) | 0.76 |
| Region of enrollment (%) | |||||||||
| United States | 27.0 | 34.9 | <0.001 | 29.4 | 37.5 | <0.001 | 17.7 | 28.0 | 0.008 |
| Canada | 9.1 | 9.6 | 0.67 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 0.48 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 0.65 |
| Russia | 33.4 | 30.5 | 0.12 | 27.7 | 23.7 | 0.04 | 55.1 | 48.4 | 0.13 |
| Republic of Georgia | 17.6 | 18.0 | 0.82 | 19.1 | 20.9 | 0.33 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 0.52 |
| Brazil | 8.3 | 3.7 | <0.001 | 9.3 | 4.4 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 0.06 |
| Argentina | 4.6 | 3.3 | 0.09 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 0.04 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.09 |
*Data are presented as number of participants, percent, or mean (standard deviation).
†Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. NYHA, New York heart association; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial infarction; β, beta blockers.